rings, a jug that was filled with crushed Murex shells. An inscription on the jug provided a name that presumably identified the deceased.82 So men were clearly involved in the production of textiles, perhaps on an industrial level. Since Murex dye had to be used immediately after it was produced, the presence of the dye workshop at the Kram presupposes the presence of a textile work
men were also involved in textile production despite the gender role
hardly surprising since textile making is an activity usually associated with women. Throughout history (and prehistory), textile production was largely seen as a woman's activity. Women were usually attributed the more traditional roles of spinning and weaving. These activities, which are considered mundane and repetitive and do not require deep levels of concentration, would have allowed women to perform other tasks, such as looking after children, at th
gender roles in history, guess it goes to show that gender roles today are similar to what they were back then
tica, imported shells found in Carthaginian burials might have been treasured possessions or heirlooms belonging to the deceased. Similar explanations have been used to understand the presence of othe
rare shells are a thing and people who were buried with them most likely had these shells as a personal belonging.
(but not always) observed inside them.46 Unfortunately, in most cases, the archaeologists offered no information as to whether these cosmetic containers belonged in men s or women's burials yet, in some cases, these burials also contained objects such as mirrors and combs that are usually identified as belonging to women.47 Other bivalve shells had been transformed into decorative boxes complete with lid and handle.48 Other sea shells, such as those that were water or beach worn or those that had not been transformed or used for another purpose are usually attributed a more menial interpretation, that of pretty objects meant to provide the deceased or
these uses may not be for only men/women. even though women would typically have these things its still possible for these items to be placed in men burials to provide good vibes.
g, these types of amulets also had certain health benefits. For instance, cowrie shells, which have the appearance of female genitalia, were inserted into women's girdles, where they served to protect their reproductive organs and in the case of pregn
health benefits, placed in girdles which are undergarments that support lower body. think of a waist trainer/corset
University College London. 41 It would seem that sea shells, both real and manmade, served to p
one use of shells
scription also mentioned a journey over water.34 It is possible that the Phoenicians shared this
my mother told me when she was younger her grandmother told her that when the dead is crossing over they have to cross over a river and that river is full of tears from those who mourn for them.
st.31 Both Phoenician and Punic burial grounds were typically separated from settlements by a body of water; there were notable exceptions, such as Carthage. It ought to be pointed out that burial grounds could have been placed at a distance from the settlements for sanitary and hygienic purposes, or pe
most burial areas today are also in their own "section" it is most likely people dont prefer living near dead bodies, maybe due to scared of death coming to them? or maybe scared spirits will wander to the living instead of moving on?
Predynastic Period (4000-3100), the Nile River played a central role in Egyptian funerary customs, as it was the conduit for the journey undertaken by the deceased in the afterlife. The river, which separated the country into two, marked the metaphorical boundary between the world of the living and the world of the dead. The funeral procession involved a journey over the Nile or one of its branches and this journey was often represented through offerings and im
a procession for the dead, reminds me of todays customs for funerals.
sers of these scarabs, but it is understood that the regenerative qualities these talismans had for the Egyptians, was similarly observed by the Phoenicians and almost all 7th century burials in Ca
important use of Egypt scarab custom has intertwined with Phoenician funerary customs.
n that in ancient Egypt, amulets and scarabs were essential components in Egyptian fune
stated in other reading
ing impor
Proto-Corinthian pottery, most of which is miniature in size, was the first to be decorated in the black-figure painting technique: figure silhouettes drawn in black and filled in with incised details.
alities; the sounds they produced may h
instruments used to protect from evil, not mentiones in past reading either.
at th
loud ring at end of a band it looks like 2 saucers
juice stains on the stone sarcophagi left behind.15 Ostrich eggshells are interesting because they appeared in different states and these different appearances suggest that the eggshells served several different purposes in this context. As whole (frequently decorated) eggs, their contents might have served for nourishment. Eggshells cut into two could have served as drinking bowls or other containers and the presence of coloured residue in some of them further illustrates that possibility.16 On occasion, the eggshells were cut and painted to look like masks. These and other clay masks may have served to protect the deceased or the deceaseds N
the use of eggshells for the dead is very interesting, past reading did not mention eggshells or seashells.
main
a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.
ians that the Nephest would have required protection and nourishment in order to ensure its su
reminds me of good deeds in life bring you to heaven
laid to rest with a variety of funerary offerings, which are understood to have fulfilled certain needs or obligations related to t
importance of offerings placed + meaning for them
s as an uncultured people, his report included an extensive list of marine and terrestrial shells retrieved from the different Punic burials at Carthage. Since the publication of his article in 1911, many more burials have come to light in Carthage and thus his list may not include every type of shell encountered in Carthaginian buri
man studied marine shells and brought info on it, bring him up for analysis
used b
a mollusk of the large class Gastropoda, such as a snail, slug, or whelk.
eliberately. The shells of land snails ( Caecilioides acicula) mixed with soil were found in numerous urns from the different levels of the Tophet. The presence of these shells here has been defined as entirely accide
some shells have been found but proof that it wasnt placed, certain shells are burrowing species meaning they live there/found its way there of natural causes
nd addressed from the outset. The proper identification of sea shells is one unavoidable concern that surfaces time and again and this is, in part, because most known Punic burials in Carthage were excavated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE when archaeological science was still very much in its infancy and recording methods depended largely on the exc
meaning not much is found? no one had set guidelines on how to record this data properly
pter, first I will examine the different sources of information available regarding sea shells in Carthaginian burials and the problems these sources present. Second, I will look at Carthaginian burial customs and the Egyptian and Egyptianising offerings frequently found in these burials. I will then examine the inclusion of sea shells as offerings in Carthaginian burials from the 8th through the 2nd centuries BC
break down of the rest of paper.
interment
the burial of a corpse in a grave or tomb
into functional objects, such as cosmetic containers like those in Mesopotamian burials, or pendants for necklac
much like today seashells are used in various things for beauty and household items.
These shells were then placed in tombs where they accompanied the deceased and continued to offer them protection in the afterl
one carthage reading, or unit assigned did not include seashells
WHO were the Nabateans?
I think it would be good to include short videos to our pages to have visual aid and a more "fun" page.
References
out of the three pages this one has a Reference section, should we place a reference section for all of them?
Who controlled whether or not someone would be buried in the family tomb?
A number of Nabataean inscriptions indicate the power of the father in the family.Thus in CIS II 219, passed the rights to a tomb to his children and his wife, stating that no stranger had the right to be buried in it, and none of his legal heirs had the right to deliver a deed, a gift or any document in this tomb, or they would risk losing his or her share in it
Were women given rights in Nabatean society? If so, what rights were they given?
Women had clear rights in Nabataean society, including the right to build their own tombs, to inherit property and to dispose of it
Generally, what vocation did a son take on as they got older?
Hammond hints that sons followed in the vocations of their fathers and took pride in their ancestry... rehearsing lineage relationships as part of naming also reflects this and suggests a patrilineal social structure
Who was the head of the family? Who could take on this role?
The father was the head of the family, and had absolute power over and ownership of family property. Nabataean funerary inscriptions confirm this, since the father, as the owner of the tomb, names those persons who had the right to be buried in it. In many cases he gives this right to some persons and prevents others from having i
Define kinship.
The Nabataean family was characterized by its extent. This is well attested in their inscriptions, especially the funerary ones that name the inheritors of the tomb who, following the Nabataean tradition of property inheritance by the familial lineage, are all members of the same family. Nabataean inscriptions are rich in kinship terms.Generally, we note singular and plural forms of the noun attributed to different types of pronouns but there is no distinction between plural and dual forms, which can be understood from the context
True or False? : The inscriptions of the Nabateans have no importance beyond their main subject?
Nabataean inscriptions provide a good deal of information on the economic,religious, social and daily activities of the Nabata-eans The importance of these inscriptions oftengoes beyond their main subject.
What are tomb facades? Why were they important?
**It has been suggested that at Petra, slab-lined graves were used for ordinary people, shaft tombs for the middle classes, and facade tombs for the upper classes. ls8 If, as the interpretation ofStrabo's controversial passage has suggested, the Nabataean rulers did practice exposure, then the greatest of the 'tomb facades' might well fit such an explanation.** Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:59:31.
Who did they worship?
'They worship the sun, building an altar on top of the house, and pouring libations on it daily.' His description hints at another explanation with the extraordinary remark that their kings are left on refuse heaps after death. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:57:13.
Explain Nabataeans’ religious practices
One authority on the Nabataeans, for example, writes that 'it is probable ... that it [the Madhbah high place] served for blood sacrifice' solely because there is a channel. Thereafter the altar automatically becomes a 'blood altar' and the idea that 'Dushara must have had blood sacrifices offered to him' 148 becomes fact. There is a Nabataean inscription from Meda'in Saleh in Saudi Arabia which refers explicitly to a young man being consecrated 'to be immolated to Dhu 149 Dubat' , that is often quoted as confirmation of Nabataean human sacrifice. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:55:59.
What natural disaster devastated the city?
An earthquake in the fourth century left major devastation, and during the fourth, fifth and sixth centuries, Petra slowly contracted in size as the area of southern Jordan became more of a backwater. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:53:26.
True or False: Petra must be described as Roman.
Technically speaking, therefore, the architecture of Petra must be described as Nabataean rather than Roman. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:52:13.
What technologies allow Nabataens to expand?
Nabataean control of the trade from south Arabia had in fact declined in this period: advances in maritime technology made the sea routes more feasible than the land routes, Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:49:46.
What two skills did the Nabataen acquire due to their prosperity?
This stability allowed for an astonishing upsurge in building activity and creativity. Nabataean skills in water management and rock cutting were famous even by 140 the fourth century BC. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:48:17.
True or False: Nabataea’s annexation came with difficulties and long wars
Whatever the reason, it was a peaceful annexation with no force required.137 Thus, in 106 the area of the Nabataean state became the new Roman province of Arabia with its capital at Bosra. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:46:20.
Instead of Nabatae who took advantage of the trade shift?
**The move to Bosra possibly corresponds with a shift in the Arabian trade routes from the Red Sea to the 133 Wadi Sirhan. Certainly Roman Egypt was taking over more of the Red Sea trade during this period at the expense of the Nabataeans. in the mainstream of the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean. In the end, it was to be another Arab power, Palmyra, which took advantage of this trade shift, not Nabataea** .Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:41:06.
Why was the invasion called off?
Tiberius contemplated chastening Harithath on seeing the balance upset and instructed the governor of Syria, Vitellius, to prepare an expeditionary force. But the Nabataeans received a reprieve with Tiberius' death, and the invasion was called off. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:38:47.
During the height of Nabataean prosperity what lands were under their rule
also reached its greatest extent, covering all of Sinai, the southern Negev,Jordan, the Hauran, the Wadi Sirhan as far as Jawf, and the Red Sea coast as far as Hegra Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:36:46.
After the incorporation of who did the first Roman incursion occur?
following the incorporation of Judaea. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:31:09.
True or False: Pompey’s creation of the Roman Province of Syria in 64 BC limited the Nabataeans’ trade.
Pompey's creation of the Roman Province of Syria in 64 Be recognised the autonomy of the Decapolis and limited the northward expansion of the Nabataeans, but appears to have had no effect on their expanding trade. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:27:28.
Instead of a sudden invasion of southern Jordan, what occurred?
but a long process of usually peaceful infiltration and gradual displacement of the Edomite inhabitants between the sixth and the fourth centuries Be, assimilating many Edomite cultural ideas in the process and absorbing much of the population. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:24:13.
Who were the first known inhabitants of southern Jordan around Petra?
The first known inhabitants of southern Jordan around Petra were the Edomites. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:22:29.
Why was the Nabatean kingdom important to Rome?
The Nabataean kingdom was of considerable strategic importance to Rome as a link between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, hence Africa and the Indian Ocean. Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East : The Transformation of an Empire, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=165396. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-11 20:21:00.
anthropomorphic
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. EX; Mickey Mouse
Edomites
a member of an ancient people living in Edom,
as NOMADS
who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.
What letter is represented by the head of an ox?
The letter aleph , for instance, is represented by the head of an ox, which is called aleph in this western Semitic language. Carthage. Fact and Myth : Fact and Myth, edited by Roald Docter, et al., Sidestone Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4392740. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-12 11:18:17.
When was the oldest full consonantal alphabet used and in what ancient city was it found?
According to documents that are available to us today, the oldest full consonantal alphabet was used in the fourteenth century BC in Ugarit, the ancient kingdom whose remains can be found at Ras Shamra, close to the city of Latakia in the north of present– day Syria. Carthage. Fact and Myth : Fact and Myth, edited by Roald Docter, et al., Sidestone Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4392740. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-12 11:15:26.
Study Guide Questions
We should separate study guide questions per reading to make it easier to follow for future students. questions for study guide pertain to only one reading.
What language was more complicated and did not belong to the Semetic group
Hieroglyphics were not only more complicated, but they did not belong to the Semitic group. Carthage. Fact and Myth : Fact and Myth, edited by Roald Docter, et al., Sidestone Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4392740. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-12 11:12:39.
What was the prevailing language in the middle east particularly in diplomatic circles?
However, Akkadian was the prevailing language in the Middle East, particularly in diplomatic circles. Carthage. Fact and Myth : Fact and Myth, edited by Roald Docter, et al., Sidestone Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4392740. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-12 11:11:37.
What two major powers dominated Mediterranean region in terms of politics and culture?
Mediterranean region that was bounded by Anatolia and Egypt, was dominated by the political and cultural influence of the two major regional powers: Mesopotamia on one side and Egypt on the other. Carthage. Fact and Myth : Fact and Myth, edited by Roald Docter, et al., Sidestone Press, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4392740. Created from brooklyn-ebooks on 2020-06-12 10:49:50.
Readings
the reading are really good, I think we can use these readings to improve the page.
Hannibal and his battle with Rome goes a little bit like this….
I like this documentary but I dont feel that it should be placed here since its a hour long. I feel as if this should be added in a "other resources" kind of area. what do you think?
The Cothon
A cothon (Greek: κώθων, lit. 'drinking vessel') is an artificial, protected inner harbor such as that in Carthage during the Punic Wars (via wiki)
Here are some places you should check out for a more detailed explanation of Meroe and the kingdom of Kush.
???? no study questions, no real placement on what to look for, no guide. EDIT: Took the quiz, 3/4 I didnt know what to look for, completely guessed. will not take again. We should really fix this page.
Freeman announced he has been charged with murder and manslaughter, with the charges scheduled to be released shortly.
having this one man charged I think will help past cases find justice. Also will help other "officers" be held responsible for their actions that also murdered innocent people.
The other officers involved were identified as Tou Thao, Thomas Lane and J Alexander Kueng, both with the department for fewer than three years. All four officers were fired a day after Floyd’s death. As of yet, none of those three have been reported as having been taken into custody.
I hope we can get everyone of this party to be arrested, and charged for their actions.
“This is by far the fastest that we’ve ever charged a police officer,” Freeman said.
I hope this action sets up for future officers and people of the justice system to do a better job to protect everyone.