All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarqu
Paul Bäumer describes his time as a young man fighting in WWI. Paul and his friends quickly learn that warfare is nothing like what it was advertised to be. As Paul sees many of his friends injured or dying, he begins to see the old generation who pushed these young men into battle differently. When Paul visits his injured friend Kemmerich, he learns just how badly the war has affected their lives.
ZARATHUSTRA’S PROLOGUE.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra by Nietzsche can be characterized by Zarathustra leaving his life of hiding to share his knowledge and wisdom with the world. He argues that human beings should not be content with themselves and should continuously strive for betterment and self-improvement. For instance, his concept of the Superman implies creating one's values regardless of others' influence. Moreover, Nietzsche calls on humans not to depend on the hope for another life after death but to remain faithful to the Earth. Nevertheless, humankind does not appreciate the teachings of Zarathustra and prefers to live comfortably, being the "Last Man." The rope-dancer's death makes Zarathustra understand that he requires individuals who would think, create, and challenge themselves and not those who follow others blindly. Thus, the main idea of the passage implies the start of Zarathustra's journey from being secluded and wise to searching for those who want to grow and create their own way of life.
"Thank God I'm not in Fantastica," he muttered. "Luckily, such monsters don't exist in reality. Anyway, it's only a story."
He stops and realizes for a moment that it is only a story, and he's glad he's not part of it. Even though while he was reading, you could tell otherwise.
Bastian stopped reading. He felt miserable, as though he himself had Ygramul's poison inside him.
Bastian stopped reading because it truly affected him. He was no longer reading for entertainment; he was reading because of the connection he had.
Then there's no hope," Atreyu murmured. "Not for him, not for me, and not for you either, Ygramul."
Everything looks hopeless because the luckdragon is dying and Atreyu can't reach the Southern Oracle.
Could she have heard my cry? Bastion wondered in alarm. But that's not possible.
He starts to wonder if the characters in the story can hear him. He is deeply connected to the story.
A cry of fear escaped Bastian.
Bastian is emotionally connecting with the story. He starts to feel that what is happening in the story is happening to him as well.
If he had known that a pursuer was close behind him and coming closer by the hour, he might have hurried and taken dangerous risks.
Bastian isn't aware of the danger behind him, but the readers do. This creates suspense in the story.
But was it only a story?
Bastian feels a deep connection to the stories and begins to question whether it's really just a story or could be true.
Atreyu wouldn't give up just because things were getting a little rough. What I've started I must finish. I've gone too far to turn back. Regardless of what may happen, I have to go forward."
Bastian looks up to Atreyu and wants to be like him.
He was a little like Atreyu after all.
A resemblance between Atreyu and Bastian.
Even if Atreyu had wanted to turn back and had known what direction to take, it would not have been possible. He had gone too far and could only keep on going. If only he himself had been involved, he might have sat down in a cave and quietly waited for death, as the Greenskin hunters did. But he was engaged in the Great Quest: the life of the Childlike Empress and of all Fantastica was at stake. He had no right to give up.
Atreyu knows he can't give up; he's gone so far in the journey. He had a lot at stake and pushed through.
He remembered an old song: Better the huntsman Should perish in the swamps, For in the Dead Mountains There is a deep, deep chasm, Where dwelleth Ygramul the Many, The horror of horrors.
The song he remembers is talking about the Dead Mountains that Atreyu is in.
Uphill and downhill he plodded, but all he saw was distant mountains with still more distant ranges behind them, and so on to the horizon on all sides.
It was a long and tiring journey for him.
dusky grayness was the same all around him. A cold wind blew over the needlelike rocks that rose up on all sides, blew and blew.
The setting is dark and gloomy.
At first he was glad to feel solid ground beneath his feet, but little by little it came to him that he was worse off than ever. He was lost. He didn't even know what direction he was going in, for the dusky grayness was the same all around him. A cold wind blew over the needlelike rocks that rose up on all sides, blew and blew.
He was happy at first to feel grounded, but that quickly faded when he realized he was lost and alone.
ire hunger and thirst pursued Atreyu. It was two days since he had left the Swamps of Sadness, and since then he had been wandering through an empty rocky wilderness. What little provisions he had taken with him had sunk beneath the black waters with Artax. In vain, Atreyu dug his fingers into the clefts between stones in the hope of finding some little root, but nothing grew there, not even moss or lichen.
He is alone and lost, while also struggling with hunger.
To serve our father and mother with courtesy whilst they live; to bury them with courtesy when they die, and to worship them with courtesy.
Respect and honor your parents while they live and after.
At fifteen, I had the will to learn; at thirty, I could stand; at forty, I had no doubts; at fifty, I understood the heavenly Bidding; at sixty, my ears were opened[9]; at seventy, I could do as my heart lusted without trespassing from the square.
This shows how the older you get, the more you learn from mistakes and experiences. All those learning experiences make you wiser.
Guide them by mind, aline them by courtesy; they will learn shame and grow good.
According to Confucius, individuals improve when they receive instruction in moral principles and appropriate conduct.
Lift up the straight, put away the crooked; and the people will be won. Lift up the crooked, put away the straight; and the people will not be won.
Reward the good, and people will be moved. Reward the bad, and nothing changes.
To see the right and not do it is want of courage.
You may know what's right, but it takes courage to actually do the right thing.
who walks with those that keep the Way, and is guided by them,
The people you surround yourself with affect you. Surround yourself with good people, and you will become like them.
be not ashamed to mend thy faults.
Don't be ashamed of the mistakes you make.
Not to be known is no sorrow. My sorrow is not knowing men.
Confucius says being famous or recognized isn't important; understanding others is more important.
To learn and then do, is not that a pleasure
You should also put what you learn into practice.
BOOK I
Confucius' philosophy holds that one can become a respected, well-liked individual through how they interact with others. His beliefs include respecting one's parents, being truthful and trustworthy in friendships, and treating everyone with courtesy and kindness. He also states that people should be open to recognizing where they have made errors to keep improving themselves. Therefore, his philosophies show that character development, respect, honesty, and continuous self-improvement are essential to leading a good life.
Please come and go with me ten more times
Asking for someone, kind of like begging for someone's presence.
A Letter
The speaker is clearly thinking about someone very special to him. It is clear that the speaker misses that person's company and wants them to return and spend time together. The rainy weather, combined with the darkness of the evening, establishes an atmosphere of sadness and loneliness.
Crying so sorrowfully as her brother has come
The speaker compares the birds crying to his sister crying that "he's come".
That must be my sisterMust be my dead sister
He sees the big white bird and automatically thinks it's his sister.
White Birds
The two white birds resemble the speaker's dead sister. Their sorrowful cries make him think about the sadness he feels from losing her. The birds symbolize loss, grief, and memories. The way the speaker shows so much emotion in this poem suggests his sister was deeply meaningful in his life.
Without fail I remember youAre you on that gigantic JupiterBeyond the steel-blue, splendid sky?
He is describing a memory, how he remembers Toshiko.
A row of students rests
This poem might have taken place on school grounds, or has something to do with students.
Wind Woods
The poem shifts from describing the trees and moon to discussing different people, with little explanation. The speaker recalls many memories, as if he's using nature to reflect on them.
Until her death on January 26, 1928, Zitkála-Šá continued to work for improvements in education, health care, and legal recognition of Native Americans as well as the preservation of Native American culture. She died in Washington, DC. She is buried at Arlington National Cemetery with her husband. Sharing a headstone, she is memorialized as: “His Wife / Gertrude Simmons Bonnin / Zitkala-Ša of the Sioux Indians / 1876-1936.”[5]
She used her voice to speak up for what she believed in, and she made many great changes. She didn't let being away for so long take her empathy away.
The federal Indian Citizenship Act passed in 1924. It granted US citizenship rights to all Native Americans. However, this did not guarantee the vote. States retained the authority to decide who could and could not vote. In 1926, Zitkála-Šá and her husband founded the National Council of American Indians. Until her death in 1938, she served as president, fundraiser, and speaker. The Council worked to unite the tribes across the United States to gain suffrage for all Indians. Zitkála-Šá also worked with white suffrage groups and was active in the General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC) beginning in 1921. Zitkála-Šá created the Indian Welfare Committee of GFWC in 1924. That year, she ran a voter registration drive among Native Americans, encouraging those who could to engage in the democratic process and support legislation that would be good for Native Americans.[4]
Zitkála-Šá fought hard for the rights of Native Americans, despite feeling like she didn't fit in anymore.
While being sharply critical of assimilation, she was firm in her conviction that Indigenous people in America should be American citizens, and that as citizens, they should have the vote: “In the land that was once his own – America… there was never a time more opportune than now for American to enfranchise the Red man!”[3] As original occupants of the land, she argued, Native Americans needed to be represented in the current system of government.
She argued that despite being Native American, you should still have the same rights as other Americans in the country.
She became increasingly vocal in her criticism of the Bureau’s assimilationist policies and practice, reporting abuse of children when they, for example, refused to pray as Christians.
She is very expressive.
. They collaborated on an opera. Sun Dance was completed in 1913. Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs for the story, based on a sacred Sioux ritual that the federal government had prohibited. Sun Dance was the first American Indian opera written. It is a symbol of how Zitkála-Šá lived in and bridged both her traditional Native American world and the world of white America that she was raised in.
An opera that symbolizes her connection to both her Native American world and the America she was raised in is very interesting. I've never heard of anyone using opera to embody something like that.
These stereotypes were being used as arguments why Native Americans needed to be assimilated into white American society.
Even now, you still see these stereotypes being made.
In 1901, she wrote a piece for Harper’s that described the profound loss of identity felt by a student at the Carlisle Indian School. She was fired from Carlisle.
Losing her job over speaking her feelings is absurd.
Zitkála-Šá returned to Carlisle and began writing about Native American life.
Seeing her family home in despair must've been an eye-opener and made her realize she does fit in after all.
She was shocked to find her family home in disrepair.
After being gone for so long and coming back home to that, it must've been horrible for her.
Her study of piano and violin led the Institute to hire her as a music teacher. She graduated in 1895. When she received her diploma, Zitkála-Šá gave a speech advocating for women’s rights.
She benefited from many things at the institute.
She felt that she did not fit in after her experiences at the Institute.
She felt as if she no longer fit in, which was reasonable, since she had been gone for so long.
She was conflicted about the experience, and wrote both of her great joy in learning to read and write and to play the violin, as well as her deep grief and pain of losing her heritage by being forced to pray as a Quaker and cut her hair.
The school benefited her but was also harmful in some ways.
Gertrude Simmons.
She was given another name.
Zitkála-Šá left despite her mother’s disapproval.
Her mother did not approve of her leaving, but she left anyway.
"The wise Mamad, who never lies, lied to you yesterday."
He was excited to tell the queen about Momad lying. Not realizing he hadn't tricked Momad into lying.
"Go to my summer palace and tell the queen I will be with her for lunch. Tell her to prepare a big feast. You will have lunch with me then."
The kings lie
but be careful! The lie is cunning and it gets on your tongue easily."
The king was warning him about a sneaky plan.
"I'm sure about that."
Momad knew he was wise and couldn't fall for the king's plan.
And you will never lie in your life?"
The king was surprised, but also up to no good.
All the people in the land, even the ones who lived twenty days away, knew about him.
He was known for never lying.
Mamad.
"wise man"
wise man
He had the power to judge fairly and knew right from wrong.
The hare was humbled.
The hare was too cocky and got proved wrong.
On the day of the race, no animal went to the market. No one went hunting, all the animals gathered together, excited to watch the race between the tortoise and the hare.
The race was a very important and exciting event to all the animals.
All the animals were surprised
The animals couldn't believe the tortoise took on the race if he was slow and his opponent was fast.
hare darted almost out of sight at once
The Hare was quick
the tortoise
One of the main characters
he lay down to have a nap.
He felt cocky and stopped, implying that no matter what, the Tortoise was no match.
To the amazement of all the animals, the tortoise had crossed the finish line
The tortoise proved all the animals wrong.
The deed had been done.
The tortoise was about to get to the finish line; there was no catching up for the hare, even with how fast he was.
He had a goal, he had a focus and he never looked back.
Despite what the other animals were saying, the Tortoise never backed down.
Both animals were ready, each of them felt confident and everyone wondered why the tortoise was so confident since they felt he was no match for the hare.
Both animals felt confident, but no one believed in the Tortoise.
hare who loved to boast of his speed in front of the other animals.
The hare was confident and boastful
He was known to be a very slow animal.
All the animals thought the Tortoise was slow
a day was fixed
The race was scheduled. None of the animals believed in the Tortoise. They were shocked that he was willing to race the Hare.
a hare
One of the main characters