Games symbolise concepts ie: chess, a war; monopoly, getting rich, etc. The pieces symbolise and therefore the same game can be played twice. In sports, the same game can never be played twice, because there is always the difficulty of real measurements: the difference between a metre, centremetre, milimetre, and so on into infinity. Hence, pool is a sport.

stationary bal

chess (a game) or iceskating (a recreation)

First, integration of our multidisci-plinary scholarship, with a clear focus on physical activity, is essential to sustaining kinesiology as a unique scholarly area in higher education. Second, integration of academic scholarship and professional practice is essential to sustaining kinesiol-ogy as a scholarly profession. Finally, integration implies an active commitment to inclusion and public service, and that is critical to give meaning and relevance to kinesiology.

hree wa

ntegration

This study adds to the literature by addressing the philosophical dichotomy that despite the nexus between educational outcomes and athletics, an opportunity for academic credit is lacking.

faculty w

The results demonstrate a moderate interest in an ath-letics performance curriculum, with 66% of those surveyed voicing support.

survey,

college varsity athletes, coaches, athletics administra-tors, and faculty from three A

pilot study

Intellectual and life-skill benefits of collegiate athletics participation have been doc-umented in empirical research, yet athletics-centric curricula are traditionally not offered for academic credit in higher education.

community

The joys of soccer are only open to those initiates who have rubbed shoul-ders with the rules, skills, institutions, and traditions that maintain the game. One cannotfind pleasure in “a diving header” or a beautifully crossed “corner kick” unless one hasbeen taught the necessary skills. In turn, skill development relies upon a vibrant soccerculture.

Because of humannature, activities such as running, jumping, kicking, and throwing are all full of intrinsicpotential but that potential must be cultivated, encouraged, and molded

bodies or states of consciousness

sensory experience” and “actually doing and being in certain ways.

man activity.

Sensory pleasure cannot in-and-of-itself justify action

But our well-beingdoes not consist in pleasure or in the satisfaction of desires” (Lee & George,

Therefore, desire alone cannot guide moral action. Moral action depends on reason whichis in turn dependent upon culture.

mere] culture defin

nature

he self, not mere

repressions” metaphysical co

endorse a mistaken definition of the concep

One cannot reasonably say, for example, that what the sadist is doingis bad, but his enjoyment is good

donism

rstanding of pleas

as coincidental to, rather than constitutive of, the good

Second,

deeply satisfying experiences may “even include a measure of discom-fort” (p. 224)

underlying confusion of pleasure and intrin

conf

178G. TwietmeyerIdeologically, Pringle hopes to advance a “post-modern perspective” so that kinesiologistswill accept that “an objective and universal justification of PE will not be found” (p. 131).Pleasure cannot be the foundation of kinesiology because pleasures “are constructed sub-jectively, are not necessarily rational, and exist in multiple and competing forms” (p. 132).Booth and Pringle both acknowledge the difficulty of defining pleasure. Unfortunatelythey seem to take for granted that pleasure is an intrinsic good (even if it is socially con-structed), and that therefore pleasure should be maximized. Their suspicion of traditionalmetaphysical distinctions, as well as their embrace of post-modernism, only strength-ens their commitment to a utilitarian understanding of the good. The ultimate evil forBooth and Pringle seems to be metaphysics and the “repressions” metaphysical com-mitments create. Pleasure it seems, can have no foundation beyond itself. Booth (2009),for example, laments that current distinctions between good and bad physical pleasureare both “artificial and ideologically laden” (p. 148), while Pringle (2010), who usesthe term “reflexivity” to characterize his post-modernism, insists that the promotion ofmovement pleasure is “not an innocent, objective or necessarily noble choice” (p. 130).The implication is obvious. Traditional metaphysics are dangerous and are in need ofdeconstruction.To what degree, if any, are Booth and Pringle correct? What other competingaccounts of pleasure are persuasive? Although alternative accounts of the role of pleasureand intrinsic satisfaction in kinesiology have been discussed in the literature (Hawkins,2008; Kretchmar, 2005; Rintala, 2009) one important account that directly challenges thehedonistic implications of Booth and Pringle’s work has been missed. Aristotelian/Thomistscholars Patrick Lee and Robert George (2008) offer a compelling alternative in their bookBody-Self Dualism in Contemporary Ethics and Politics.Yet, although Booth and Pringle’s accounts are problematic, they should be praised forbringing further attention to the role of pleasure in kinesiology. Both men are right to insistthat pleasure is an important, neglected and often misunderstood aspect of kinesiology.Furthermore, their basic intuition regarding the important role culture plays in under-standing pleasure in kinesiology is sound. Their mistake is in thinking that all normativeevaluations of pleasure can be reduced to ideological sentimen

hey should be praised forbringing further attention to the role of pleasure in kinesiology.

nsists that the promotion ofmovement pleasure is “not an innocent, objective or necessarily noble choice”

etaphysics

metaphysical distinction

are hedonisti

currently gaining a love for movement in their [physical education] experiences”

puritanical” prohibitionshave made pleasure suspect.

ntenable

If clinicians became more edu-cated about these beliefs, a slight change in theprocurement protocol may allow patients to do-nate their organs without violating their values.

Confucian-ism and its tenet of showing respect for one’sparents and ancestors by returning one’s body inits original state are the most prominent of thesebelief systems, although Buddhism and Daoismalso play significant roles

43-item questionnaire was distributed to 150 attendeesofanon-denominationalChinese – Americanchurch in the Houston, TX, USA, area.

‘filial piety’

Confucianvalues, and to a lesser extent, Buddhist, Daoist, and other spiritualbeliefs, that associate an intact body with respect for ancestors or na-ture

hinese – Americans appear to be less willingto donate their organs than other populations.

42HEALTH LITERACYTABLE 2-1Examples of Skills Needed for HealthHealth-Related GoalSample Tasks and Skills NeededPromote and protect•read and follow guidelines for physical activityhealth and prevent•read, comprehend, and make decisions based on food anddiseaseproduct labels•make sense of air quality reports and modify behavior asneeded•find health information on the internet or in periodicalsand booksUnderstand, interpret,•analyze risk factors in advertisements for prescriptionand analyze healthmedicinesinformation•determine health implications of a newspaper article onair quality•determine which health web sites contain accurateinformation and which do not•understand the implications of health-related initiatives inorder to voteApply health•determine and adopt guidelines for increased physicalinformation over aactivity at an older agevariety of life events•read and apply health information regarding childcare orand situationseldercare•read and interpret safety precautions at work; choose ahealth-care planNavigate the health-•fill out health insurance enrollment or reimbursementcare systemforms•understand printed patient rights and responsibilities•find one’s way in a complicated environment such as abusy hospital or clinical centerActively participate in•ask for clarificationencounters with health-•ask questionscare professionals and•make appropriate decisions based on informationworkersreceived•work as a partner with care providers to discuss anddevelop an appropriate regimen to manage a chronicdiseaseUnderstand and give•comprehend required informed consent documents beforeconsentprocedures or for involvement in research studiesUnderstand and•advocate for safety equipment based on worker right-to-advocate for rightsknow information•request access to information based on patient rightsdocuments•determine use of medical records based on the privacy act•advocate on behalf of others such as the elderly ormentally ill to obtain needed care

Functional literacy

Rather, this essay was conceived as an intel-lectual documentary, with roots that reach deeply into lived experience—that of an individual diagnosed with a life-threatening illness and receivingtreatment within the American health care system—and into a long careerof thinking about language and communication.2

they distort our recollection of them

Further, as time passes, we have the tendency to fill ingaps in our story to make the story more cohesive and complete.

As the story is told over and over again, it becomes shorter withsome of the finer detail gradually leveled.

In trying to understand thisexperience, we will naturally attempt to ask ourselves why it happenedand how we can cope with it. To the degree that the event isunresolved, we will think, dream, obsess, and talk about it for days,weeks, or years.

seek to understand the worldsaround them.

Thatis, those people who used a very high rate of negative-emotion wordsand those who used very few were the most likely to have continuinghealth problems after participating in the study. In many ways, thesefindings are consistent with other literatures. Individuals who tend touse very few negative-emotion words are undoubtedly most likely to becharacterized as repressive copers—people whom Dan Weinberger, GarySchwartz, and Richard Davidson have defined as poor at being able toidentify and label their emotional states.17 Those who overuse negative-emotion words may well be the classic high neurotic or, as DavidWatson and his colleagues call them, high Negative Affect ind

converting emotions and images into words changes the way theperson organizes and thinks about the trauma

recent experiment by Anne Krantz and mesought to learn if the disclosure of a trauma through dance or bodilymovement would bring about health improvements in ways comparableto writing.14

Why does writing or talking about emotional experiences influ-ence health?

heir results indicated that writing about someone else’s trauma asthough they had lived through it produced health benefits compa-rable to a separate group who wrote about their own traumas.

however, experimental volunteersreport being as happy or happier than controls

make people feel more unhappy anddistressed in the hours after writing.

immune function

health and behavioral effects havebeen found with maximum security prisoners, medical students,community-based samples of distressed crime victims, arthritis andchronic pain sufferers, men laid off from their jobs, and women whohave recently given birth to their first child.

how the writing exercise influenced physical health

Indeed, 98 percentof the experimental participants said that, if given the choice, theywould participate in the study again. Most surprising to us was thenature of the writing itself. The students, who tended to come fromupper-middle class backgrounds, described a painful array of tragic anddepressing stories. Rape, family violence, suicide attempts, drug prob-lems, and other horrors were common topics. Indeed, approximatelyhalf of the people wrote about experiences that any clinician wouldagree were truly traumatic.

they can invent them where they don’t exist, and blur the lines between the literal and the figurative.

made sure they understood their

scend traditional clinic experiences.

anxiety

A necessary firststepwasundertakeninthisstudyto understand the experienceof the disease through a physiologic, psychosocial, and access-oriented lens that the patient describes herself

describe the life disruptions caused by cancer among young women, aswell as to understand the facilitators and barriers in accessing healthcare servicesduring and after active treatment

Humana began allowing some workers to dedicate part of each workweek specifically to those activities, Mr. State says.

social influence on health, “that people often will improve or worsen together,”

nedy says.

led to surprising discoveries—and health improvements—for patients struggling with various health challenges

“People are willing to discuss things very frankly when they are in a roomful of people who share their experiences,”

four key themes emerged across all respondent groups related to health disparities: access, knowledge, communication, and quality

ower rates of quality, preventive health care (Kerr, Richards, & Glover, 1996; Lewis, Lewis, Leake, King, & Linde-mann, 2002) and higher rates of comorbid, chronic conditions, such as heart disease and cancer, and secondary conditions, such as bowel obstruction, than the general population (Krahn, Hammond, & Turner, 2006; Sohler, Lubetkin, Levy, Soghomonian, & Rimmerman, 2009).

282Health & Social Work Volume 35, Number 4 November 2010Few studies have included self-advocates and parents/guardians. Furthermore, despite recently published reports and articles, little research has as-sessed whether this population is receiving quality health care (Horwitz et al., 2000). Even with national findings (office of the Surgeon General, 2002), most state and local reports on health care access do not track data for individuals with Id/dd (see Brawarsky, Brooks, Mitra, & Chung, 2001). Thus, the present study used focus groups with self-advocates, parents/guardians, and community support profes-sionals and key informant interviews with health care professionals to assess the quality of health care services received by adults with Id/dd.researcH metHoDsThis study used multiple data-collection strategies in 2007 and 2008 (focus groups and informant interviews) to obtain the varied perspectives of adults with Id/dd and their parents/guardians, community support professionals (including resi-dential managers and state agency personnel), and health providers.

These broad definitions of health disparities and inequities provide the necessary link for highlighting the specific and unmet needs of individuals with Id/dd.

ow status group memberships

Studies have also established that manypatients hold a biochemical causal model of depression (Lebowitzet al., 2013; Kvaale et al., 2013), and experience difficulties intransitioning away from a mental illness identity

I can’t help conflating the messages that I am better off starved than fat.

I am the most imperfect person I know

invisibility of the deeply dedicated management it requires.

converting food into fuel.

making oneself bleed is the first step to healing.

My life will revolve around its numerical output

of will

It appears that the severity of many of these problems could potentially be reduced by improving com-munication among providers, between providers and patients, between health researchers, and between public health leaders and the public.

would

22■Contribute to the evaluation and monitoring of services, and collaborate with researchers to support applied research that can contribute to service development.■Promote public awareness and understanding about the rights of persons with disabilities – for example, through campaigning and disability-equality training.■Conduct audits of environments, transport, and other systems and services to promote barrier removal.Service providers can:■Carry out access audits, in partnership with local disability groups, to identify physical and information barriers that may exclude persons with disabilities.■Ensure that staff are adequately trained in disability, implementing training as required and including service users in developing and delivering training.■Develop individual service plans in consultation with disabled people, and their families where necessary.■Introduce case management, referral systems, and electronic record-keeping to coordinate and integrate service provision.■Ensure that people with disabilities are informed of their rights and the mech-anisms for complaints.Academic institutions can:■Remove barriers to the recruitment and participation of students and staff with disabilities.■Ensure that professional training courses include adequate information about disability, based on human rights principles.■Conduct research on the lives of persons with disabilities and on disabling barriers, in consultation with disabled people’s organizations

Research is essential for increasing public understanding about disability issues, informing disability policy and programmes, and efficiently allocating resources.This Report recommends areas for research on disability including the impact of environmental factors (policies, physical environment,

People with disabilities often have unique insights about their disability and their situation. In formulating and implementing policies, laws, and services, people with disabilities should be consulted and actively involved. Disabled people’s organizations may need capacity building and support to empower people with disabilities and advocate for their need

17RecommendationsWhile many countries have started taking action to improve the lives of people with disabilities much remains to be done. The evidence in this Report suggests that many of the barriers people with disabilities face are avoidable and that the disadvantages associated with disability can be overcome. The following nine rec-ommendations for action are cross-cutting, guided by the more specific recom-mendations at the end of each chapter.Implementing them requires involving different sectors – health, education, social protection, labour, transport, housing – and different actors – governments, civil society organizations (including disabled persons organizations), profession-als, the private sector, disabled individuals and their families, the general public, the private sector, and media.It is essential that countries tailor their actions to their specific contexts. Where countries are limited by resource constraints, some of the priority actions, particularly those requiring technical assistance and capacity building, can be included within the framework of international cooperation.Recommendation 1: enable access to all mainstream systems and servicesPeople with disabilities have ordinary needs – for health and well-being, for eco-nomic and social security, to learn and develop skills. These needs can and should be met through mainstream programmes and services.Mainstreaming is the process by which governments and other stakeholders address the barriers that exclude persons with disabilities from participating equally with others in any activity and service intended for the general public, such as educa-tion, health, employment, and social services. To achieve it, changes to laws, policies, institutions, and environments may be indicated. Mainstreaming not only fulfils the human rights of persons with disabilities, it also can be more cost-effective.Mainstreaming requires a commitment at all levels – considered across all sec-tors and built into new and existing legislation, standards, policies, strategies, and plans. Adopting universal design and implementing reasonable accommodations are two important approaches. Mainstreaming also requires effective planning, adequate human resources, and sufficient financial investment – accompanied by specific measures such as targeted programmes and services (see recommendation 2) to ensure that the diverse needs of people with disabilities are adequately me

Removing barriers in public accommodations, transport, information, and communication will enable people with disabilities to participate in education, employment, and social life, reducing their isolation and dependency. Across domains, key requirements for addressing accessibility and reducing negative attitudes are access standards; cooperation between the public and private sector; a lead agency responsible for coordinating implementation; training in accessibil-ity; universal design for planners, architects, and designers; user participation; and public education.Experience shows that mandatory minimum standards, enforced through legislation, are required to remove barriers in buildings. A systematic evidence-based approach to standards is needed, relevant to different settings and includ-ing participation from people with disabilities. Accessibility audits by disabled

ncreased dependency and restricted participationReliance on institutional solutions, lack of community living and inadequate ser-vices leave people with disabilities isolated and dependent on others. A survey of 1505 non-elderly adults with disability in the United States found that 42% reported having failed to move in or out of a bed or a chair because no one was available to help (26).

households without a disability.People

10have their needs met for assistance with everyday activities (13–18). In many low-income and middle-income countries governments cannot provide ade-quate services and commercial service providers are unavailable or not afford-able for most households. Analysis from the 2002–04 World Health Surveyacross 51 countries showed that people with disabilities had more difficulties than people without disabilities in obtaining exemptions from or reductions in health care costs.■Lack of accessibility. Many built environments (including public accommoda-tions) , transport systems and information are not accessible to all. Lack of access to transportation is a frequent reason for a person with disability being discour-aged from seeking work or prevented from accessing health care. Reports from countries with laws on accessibility, even those dating from 20 to 40 years ago, confirm a low level of compliance (19–22). Little information is available in acces-sible formats, and many communication needs of people with disabilities are unmet. Deaf people often have trouble accessing sign language interpretation: a survey of 93 countries found that 31 countries had no interpreting service, while 30 countries had 20 or fewer qualified interpreters (23). People with disabilities have significantly lower rates of information and communication technology use than non-disabled people, and in some cases they may be unable to access even basic products and services such as telephones, television, and the Internet.■Lack of consultation and involvement. Many people with disabilities are excluded from decision-making in matters directly affecting their lives, for example, where people with disabilities lack choice and control over how sup-port is provided to them in their homes. ■Lack of data and evidence. A lack of rigorous and comparable data on dis-ability and evidence on programmes that work can impede understanding and action. Understanding the numbers of people with disabilities and their circumstances can improve efforts to remove disabling barriers and provide services to allow people with disabilities to participate. For example, better measures of the environment and its impacts on the different aspects of dis-ability need to be developed to facilitate the identification of cost-effective environmental interventions.How are the lives of people with disabilities affected?The disabling barriers contribute to the disadvantages experienced by people with disabilities.Poorer health outcomesIncreasing evidence suggests that people with disabilities experience poorer levels of health than the general population.

Lack of consultation and involvement. Many people with disabilities are excluded from decision-making in matters directly affecting their lives, for example, where people with disabilities lack choice and control over how sup-port is provided to them in their homes.

Inadequate

Hyperventilation & Breath Holding•Hyperventilation

Medulla

Receptors in various tissues monitor pH, PCO2, PO2, and temperature

Lung Volumes and Capacities

VTx f

Airway ResistanceAirflow depends on:

The Mechanics

bs lif

pressure difference

during exercise

Bronchial

ny improvements in training can then betranslated into improvements in performanc

ue to the many factors mentioned above inthe paragraph above, the ability to train the mus-cles to improve core stability and/or strength relieson the training being functional and specific to theeveryday or sporting movement that is to be per-formed.

It is importantfor optimum motor control to train both thefast and slow motor units in a muscle to optimizecore stability and core strength.

the brain's fear centers progressively remove any restraint against performance.

An ordinary person, he has found, can only summon about 65 percent of their absolute power in a training session, while a trained weightlifter can exceed 80 percent.    

Therefore, VREcan substitute other power exercises (e.g., weightlifting movement, and ballistic exercise) in caseswhere the athlete is unable to perform other power exercises for various reasons (e.g., technique

BSQ with elastic bands increases the mean power, velocity, and force during the decelerationsubphase. However, these are lesser than those of the acceleration subphase

sample size was relatively small

riable-resistance training group sho

In short, if the training purpose is to increase forcesin the respective angles of the acceleration subphase, then the elastic bands are not likely beneficial(Figure 3), although BSQ with elastic bands are effective for developing power during the acceleration

d greater mechanical power output during theacceleration subphase because the subjects were able to move the barbell more rapidly in theacceleration subphase.

Therefore, thesubjects were able to move the barbell more rapidly in the acceleration subphase until the point atwhich the deceleration subphase occurred, as compared with the no-band condition (B0).

Therefore, the relative duration of the decelerationsubphase was not significantly different according to band resistance.

resistance increased, the mean force during the acceleration subphase decreased

the mean mechanical power output (barbell mass multiplied by barbell kinematics, althoughnot kinematics of center of mass), velocity, and force during the deceleration subphase increased.

There was no significant difference in the ratio of the duration of the decelerationsubphase to the concentric phase among all band conditions.

Mean mechanical power during the deceleration subphase was significantly differentaccording to load (two-way ANOVA,p< 0.05).

Summarizing the above, the relative duration of deceleration subphase was not significantly differentamong loads (Figure 4)

band tension increased, the mean force during theacceleration subphase (B20 [d= 0.28], B40 [d= 0.49], B60 [d= 0.65], and B80 [d= 0.71]) decreased

he point at which the acceleration became lower than zero was consideredto be the start of the deceleration subphase [4,5].

xample, if the top position was 170 cmand the bottom position was 90 cm, the middle point of the concentric phase was 130 cm

Sports2018,6, 1513 of 9taken between trials. The repetition in which maximal velocity was observed was adopted as theforce-time data.2.4. MeasurementsForce signals from the force plate were collected at 1000 Hz using an A/D converter (Powerlab

and resistance 0% (B0) came from weight plates only. Band resistance 20% (B20) wasperformed such that the resultant total resistance (100%) came 80% from weight plates and 20% fromband resistance. Band resistance 40% (B40), 60% (B60), and 80% (B80) were performed using the sameconcept

thigh being parallel to thefloor.

five different band conditions in a random order,

as band resistance increases, the muscular force during the deceleration subphase

here is no evidence to suggest that VRE could increasemuscular force during the deceleration subphase

increasing muscular force during thedeceleration subphase may be necessar

force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, muscular force reaches less than that in the quietstanding position during the deceleration subphase.

Rapid movementsagainst loads lead to the development of lower-body power.