This article takls about how AI should be compared less to a magical genie and more to like a consulting firm, a way to help companies cut costs and increase profit. He mentions that the downsides of AI is that it could make inequality worse if it's replacing workers or justifying decisions because the algorithm said so. Overall, tying this back to the overall chapters, it shows how tech is shaped by so many different factors like automation, platform design, the owner's accountability and desires, and many more I could mention. The main issue isn't what AI can just do, but who controls it and what harm it could bring.

I'd say that my views on social media have been reinforced because this class showed me that social media problems aren't caused by individual users but also because of the way platforms are designed. Features like recommendation algorithms, likes, shares, and doomscrolling can shape what people see and how they behave online. I used to think of social media mostly just as a tool for communication, but it's more that I see it as a system influenced by business goals and seeking engagement. If I could change something, it would be to make platforms prioritize it's users and intentional use, user control, and well being over keeping peoples presence online for the longest amount of time possible.

This article was about summarizes Steve Job's life and career as his role as a co founder of Apple, the biggest smart phone brand today, his departure from Apple, and his return to make and bring major products back to apple. This ultimately connects back to the chapter that in capitalism company leaders are ultimately accountable to the owners and shareholders, not just to founders, workers, or users. Job's story shows how even someone as important as a co founder can lose power when the board decides the company should move in a different direction. This connects to the chapter's point that business decisions are shaped by ownership and the need for profit, not necessarily just for creativity or vision.

This section from the chapter stood out to me because it explains why social media companies usually prioritize profit over users wellbeing. Even though users create content and are affected by the platforms choices, the company is mainly only accountable to its owners and shareholders. This introduces ethical issues because decisions are about privacy and safety may be shaped by profit instead of and for the user. It also makes me think if social media platforms are even a safe space if the platforms company isn't looking out for it's users.

This article satirizes how audiences and media consume celebrity scandals like entertainment and treating their struggles as fresh meat rather than a real human struggling or suffering. It exaggerates how the public needs gossip and things to talk about, fall apart, and repeat over again with the same or different people. This connects to the idea of schadenfreude where people take pleasure in someone elses downfall and this article accentuates how public criticism can become less about accountability and more about cruel entertainment when people are sought after for attention and their pain is content.

Public shaming becomes harmful when the punishment doesn't match the action. This whole point of this chapter indicates that shaming can sometimes be used by people with less power to hold powerful people or groups accountable, especially when there isn't any formal way to punish harmful behavior. I think it becomes unethical when normal people are suddenly exposed to huge online crowds even when they get doxxed. At that point, it isn't about accountability but more for personal entertainment and anger stemming from the original person. These listed factors are important whether the person has a real chance to fix the harm done and return to the community in one piece. Either way, it can cause permanent damage to someone and rarely be a change for good towards a person.

This article was about the author's experience of being cyberstalked for 14 years by someone who repeatedly harassed her over various different ways. Even when she tried to report it, the police dismissed it because she wasn't "physically afraid" even though the harassment was stressful and mentally hard to deal with. This connects to the chapter because of the harassment she dealt with being a repeated action that doesn't fit neatly into legal definitions. Both the article and chapter show that online harassment can cause real damage to individuals even when the actions seem small in waves.

I think the overall chapter's explanation of harassment was helpful because it shows how harassment isn't always one big obvious action, but an often repeated pattern of smaller actions that cause harm to someone over time. This example helps to understand how one splash may seem accidental or small, but a barrage of splashing becomes intentional and ends up hurting an individual. Online harassment on social media works the same way, a rude comment isn't that serious on its own and people can let it roll off their back, but when its a bigger dogpile the harm becomes much bigger. This is definitely why moderation is difficult because platforms let "free expression" turn into harmful actions that get bypassed constantly.

This wikipedia article explains that crowdsourcing is when a large group of people contribute either ideas, labor, money, data, or solutions to finish a task at hand. It connects well tot he chapter because it shows that crowdsourcing could be useful but also ethically unsound. In the article, it mentions that it could benefit things like faster work, lower costs, and more diverse ideas but also brings up problems like low wages, poor quality contributions, and security issues. This relates to the overall chapters point that crowds can solve problems but can also harm if not managed carefully.

This section on well-intended harm is really important because it shows how crowdsourcing can quickly shift from helpful to harmful when people act without enough evidence. The example of the Boston Marathon stood out to me because people online were trying to solve a serious problem but their guesses ended up hurting someone's family who was innocent. It makes me think that social media crowds can be powerful but without responsibility turns it into something dangerous. I think that crowdsourcing something malicious needs to have real facts before accusing someone who could be innocent.

This article explains how FB's AI systems helped the platform grow but also made the negative actions become harder to control. These negative actions being things like spreading misinformation or hate speech. The AI focuses on how FB's algorithms were designed to maximize engagement by showing users content they were likely to click and share. This means that more extreme content that gets views and clicks get more engagement and end up rewarding these negative actions within posts. The article also argues that the AI team at FB focuses more on the algorithmic bias than fixing the recommendation system that spreads misinformation because it could hurt FB overall.

This chapter's section discussing the idea of "quality control" was really interesting because it shows that content moderation isn't only about removing harmful content, but also about shaping what kind of space a platform wants to be. Even with platforms that claim to support free speech also moderate spam because it could provide a platform that would be unusable for normal users trying to find variety of content. This connects to the bigger idea that moderation is never really neutral, there's always some bias. Every rule that a platform implements should be upheld and reflect the companies values that are reflected in the platform, like providing a safe space or legal protection. There should always been transparency between platform and users about the real reasons why they moderate certain types of content.

This article explains that people may not always be addicted to social media in the way we usually think but instead enter a dissociative state where they scroll without fully paying attention. I thought this was pretty interesting because it shifts the blame away from just saying users lack self control and instead points how platforms are also designed to keep people scrolling. I think the specific "you're all caught up" notes could be redesigned better so people feel more aware of the time they're putting into doomscrolling and make it feel more manageable.

This part of the chapter talking about a digital detox was really interesting because it pushes back against the idea that social media is auto bad and the offline world is just as better. I think that taking breaks from social media helps especially with doomscrolling and comparing yourself to what you see on social media, but I also think that the platforms are to blame for the bigger issue of how platforms are designed to keep people engaged perpetually. We should be able to question why apps are built in ways that can make people feel worse and compare themselves to others in an unhealthy way.

This wikipedia article on memes explains that it's an idea, behavior, image, phrase, or cultural symbol that spreads from person to person through imitation. This connects ultimately to the chapter because memes are what go viral and people mimic off the internet. The term was created by Richard Dawkins based on the Greek word mimeme meaning something imitated. Memes to evolution, they can be copied, changed, and passed on with any access to the internet nowadays.

This part of the chapter stood out to me and how the comparison between social media virality connects with evolution. Viral content being replication, variation, and selection makes it a lot more dystopian to look at online trends and most of all feel less random. With reposts, quote tweets, or edits of content, people are creating a new version that can spread differently from the original, but still have viral potential. This made me think about how people aren't just passive viewers on social media but we actively shape what becomes popular with a click of the finger to like it or repost the content. The chapter's ethical point being that platforms and algorithms influence which content gets selected but also what the platform chooses to amplify.

This article discusses how social media algorithms can hold onto outdated versions of our lives, even after major personal changes. After she called off her wedding, platforms like Facebook and Pinterest continued to show her wedding ads and recommendations because the algorithms rely heavily on past behavior and engagement data rather than real time context. Definitely highlights how this is frustrating and painful, these systems can misrepresent people and not reflect who they are now.

This whole idea from this chapter being the distinction between individual responsibility and systemic responsibility was pretty interesting. I think it's easy to blame individuals for interacting with things online, but it questions how much users can control the system. For example, if an algorithm is designed to reward engagement, then bad interactions gets boosted making it unfair to the responsibility on users when the system is promoting such behavior. When I personally use tik tok or instagram, I've noticed that when I try to avoid certain content, it would still show up anyways making me wonder how much choice do I really have versus how much is being shaped by the algorithm. This is why the broader discussions in ethics surrounding ideas like this questions if companies should be held accountable for the effects of their systems.

This article on ableism explains that it's a form of discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. It highlights how ableism operates through stereotypes, assumptions, and society that limit opportunities and shape how disabled people are perceived and treated. It also shows that ableism exists at multiple levels, including individual attitudes, cultural beliefs, and institutional systems like education and healthcare. It's inherently embedded in society and affects many aspects of life for people with disabilities.

This part of the reading stood out to me, the contrast between putting the burden on individuals as well as the designers was interesting. The section on coping strategies made me realize how often people are forced to quietly adapt themselves to systems that were never designed with them in mind like students sitting in front of the classroom without knowing why they struggle to see. That idea felt frustrating because it just normalizes the expectations that individuals should adjust rather than questioning. I personally think the shift toward universal design and ability based design is more ethical and sustainable. It reminds me of discussions in UX design where we talk about designing for edge cases and benefitting for everyone as a whole. I feel that companies should just treat accessibility as a core requirement instead of an extra feature implemented.

This source is an article about Facebook’s data breach affecting over 530 million users, highlights how the company chose not to notify individuals whose data was exposed. The article explains that even though sensitive information like passwords was not leaked, details such as phone numbers can still pose serious risks because they act as a key identifier that can be used for scams or identity misuse. What stood out to me is how this connects to the chapter’s discussion of privacy as a form of protection rather than just secrecy. If users are not informed, they lose the chance to take action to protect themselves. I personally think this raises ethical concerns about how much responsibility companies should have in being transparent with users, especially when the consequences of exposure can still be harmful.

This line from the reading stood out to me because of how private messaging on social media isn’t actually fully private and feels like an invasion of privacy. It makes me think about how often we trust platforms with personal conversations without really considering who else might have access. From a user perspective, there’s a tradeoff in how we want privacy, but we also want safety features like being able to report harassment or threats. That tension reminds me of discussions in this course about data mining and surveillance, where companies justify access to data for protection or improvement, but it can also blur ethical boundaries. I also wonder where the line should be drawn for these social media companies ethically.

This source connects well tot he chapter and this article is about Facebooks ad preferences. What stood out to me is how FB builds a profile of you not just from what you post, but from things like pages that you interact with, posts you like, and websites you visit through tools like the FB Pixel. It's really surprising they could access these detailed and personal profiles, yet also feel inaccurate at the same time. Connecting this back to the chapter on data mining and how platforms can infer things like political views or interests without users explicitly sharing them. It feels invasive and knowing that FB might be tracking activity outside of its own app. At the same time, it shows how powerful data mining is with shaping what we see online.

This part of the chapter really stood out to me because if you look at enough data, you can basically find support for almost any conclusion or interpretation you could want. This made me think about how often I see graphs and statistics online and just assume they mean something important without really questioning them. It reminds me of what we've been learning about data visualization and how easy it is to make something look convincing depending on what data you choose to show. It also made me realize that data minding isn't just technical but also ethical as well. If people can findpatterns that match what they already believe, then it's easy to spread misleading ideas without realizing it. I wonder if platforms should do more to limit this kind of thing or if its just on users to think more about the data they see online.

From this article, this research argues that internet trolling is strongly linked to traits like sadism, meaning that trolls often genuinely enjoy causing emotional harm to others rather than just joking around. I found this especially interesting because it challenges the common idea that trolling is harmless or just for fun. Instead, it suggests that for some people, trolling reflects deeper personality tendencies, which makes the behavior more concerning.

This part of the reading stood out to me with the idea that trolling didn’t actually start with the internet, but has always been part of human behavior. The quote about “boys throwing stones at frogs for fun” really made me pause because it highlights how people can find enjoyment in causing harm even when the other side is genuinely affected. It made me think about how online spaces just amplify something that already exists rather than creating it from scratch. This connection of the concept of “bad faith” is especially interesting, since it frames trolling not just as joking or pranking, but as intentionally dishonest argumentation meant to disrupt others. This makes me question whether responding to trolls is even productive, since they’re not trying to engage in respectful good discussion in the first place, almost like ragebait.

From this source, this article is about the fake twitter persona @sciencing_bi describing how BethAnn McLaughlin created an entirely fictional identity, even going as far to announce the persona's death from covid. This led to a response of real grief and emotional responses from followers. This story highlights how inauthenticity online can go beyond harmless performance and actually manipulate people's trust in harmful ways. People believed they were forming a genuine connection with a marginalized academic voice, when it was all fake. To what line should be drawn between acceptable online personas and harmful deception especially when real people are affected.

One idea that stood out to me is how authenticity isn't just about being real, but its about whether the connection being presented actually matches what reality is. It made me rethink influencers and online personalities because even if the content is curated, it can still feel personal and trustworthy in a way that isn't entirely accurate. I also found the link between authenticity, vulnerability and trust interesting. This whole chapter focuses on the idea that we value authenticity because our well being becomes tied to others when we form connections which helps explain why people feel so upset when they realize they've been misled. It's not the idea of being tricked, but the feeling that your trust was misplaced. At the same time, I don't fully agree that inauthenticity is entirely negative in all cases. Things like meme accounts or online personas can still have meaningful communities when people understand the type of interaction they're getting themselves into.

I found this source interesting and overall talked about the idea of SMS texting and how it evolved into a dominant communication tool. It mentions that text messaging originally came from the Short Message Service which was constrained to about 160 characters leading to users to abbreviate words to common words we use today like lol or u. Something that started as a technical limitation ended up influencing language and culture globally. Because early communication tools like texting weren't just about sending messages, but also about shaping how people interact and express themselves. These design constraints in tech can unintentionally create long term behavioral changes.

This system actually stood out to me in this reading of this chapter because it shows how much effort and intention went into communication during the Web 1.0 era compared to our modern day now. For example, having to create your own personal webpage or actively join specific spaces like the BBS meant that users had to be way more deliberate about where and how they would interact. This made me think more about how different it was from now where content is constantly pushed to us through algorithms where back then you would have to go find conversations where the conversations find you now. I feel like this shift has contributed to things like doomscrolling because there is way less friction and work to accessing so much content. I do have a question if the web back then was able to create more or less meaningful interactions than nowadays because there weren't as many features but people had a sense to choose to be apart of something.

From this article, the writer sums up that math entirely depends on context and not just the fixed built rules that we've all known it by. For example, rounding or real world situations can make something like 2+2 equal 5 in practice. This anecdote stood out to me because it shows that numbers and metrics aren't always fully objective, but could be subjective. Things like ratings are shaped by how we define and measure them which makes me more cautious to trust data at face value because of how possible it is for data to be manipulated.

I thought this statement of how all data is a simplification of reality was really interesting and was able to relate it to myself. This made me rethink how I usually treat numbers and datasets as objective truth. For example, in my own experience working with data like in a database with sql, I’ve always focused on getting the “correct” metric. But this reading made me realize that even before analysis begins, there are already subjective decisions being made like what counts as a user, a transaction, or even an active account. That’s similar to the Twitter bot example, where changing the definition of a spam bot can completely change the final percentage. I also think this connects a lot to product and tech decisions, like in product management metrics like engagement or retention seem straightforward, but they’re actually based on how we define user behavior. If those definitions are flawed or overly simplified, then the decisions we make based on them could also be misleading. So it’s not just a technical issue but also an ethical one too because simplifications can shape real outcomes.

This article explains how these dystopian looking click farms use large numbers of phones and accounts to artificially boost likes, follows, and engagement on social media. This tricks the algorithm into promoting content and makes it seem more popular than it really is. It highlights how this can spread misinformation and influence what people believe and see on the internet and ultimately cheat the system to get visibility online.

This specific statistic about the backlash to "The Last Jedi" was really surprising to me, especially where over half the negative tweets weren't even from real people. I think this anecdote made me rethink about how I interpret online reactions, especially the fact it could be fake. Personally, this also made me realize how it easy it is to assume what we see on social media is definitive and real public opinion, when it can be heavily manipulated by fake data. It makes me question how often I've formed opinions based on something that wasn't representative of real people. I'm thankful that this was an eye-opening reminder to myself that I shouldn't be too critical of myself because it might not be real.

I really like this line in this reading because it expresses that the idea of ethics isn't something with just one right answer. I like this framing, but it also made me a little uncomfortable at the same time because if ethics is just a set of tools we choose from, does that mean people can kind of pick the framework that justifies what they already want to do? For example, in social media situations a company could use a consequence based approach on their platform to justify something like data collection and it would benefit people overall and ignore the violation of privacy. Similarly, someone else could use a rights based framework to say the opposite, it almost feels like ethics could be bent and flexible that could be helpful yet also kinda dangerous. In my real life like when I would work in group projects, sometimes people aren't actually disagreeing on the facts, but what "matters more" ethically. The toolbox idea hits the idea well but makes me wonder to what extent do we allow people to use ethics to selectively support their own interests?

I ended up looking at the site that lead to see other ethics frameworks out of curiosity and came across the Social Networking and Ethics page, as I felt it was really relevant to this course. I felt it was really interesting how it talks about separating ethical impacts into direct, indirect, and structural categories. I felt in practice, these categories blur together way more than the framework suggests, like misinformation in social media isn't just a direct harm between users, but it's also shaped by platform algorithms or structure and is accentuated through interactive behavior or indirect behavior. I'm curious if treating these as different categories could oversimplify how responsibility is shared between users like how we discussed during class who is responsible for coding the bluesky bot and running the bot. It seems like harm comes from individual users but in reality, the design of the platform and business models are just as responsible. So instead of how the article defines of thinking of these categories as separate, I think it's more useful to see them together as responsibilities that entail one another so it's easier to see how much power platforms have when certain behaviors are exhibited on the sites.