For each male person over 14 years of age, a suit of good substantial woollen clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat, and a pair of home-made socks. For each female over 12 years of age, a flannel shirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woollen hose, 12 yards of calico, and 12 yards of cotton domestics.

to link Native peoples’ efforts to secure environmental justice and their efforts to rehabilitate sacred land to broader concerns about environmental crises in modern American society

we have an underly-ing racist view that has festered in our nation since the Civil War

That if any such police regulations or rules be adopted which, in the opinion of the President, bear oppressively on any citizen of the nation, he may suspend the same

the disadvantaged were simply biologically and physically inferior.

McKennon enrolled applicants whom he believed were half white and half Choctaw, but rejected those who appeared to have African American parentage, regardless of their claims to Choctaw ancestry.

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who believed they were helping society by limiting the number of births in low-income, minority families

“We could have taken any child. However I was aware that we were doing more for a child when we were adopting an Indian child. Little has been done for the American Indian and it’s about time something more was done.”

It was passed in 1975, and reflected congressional acceptance of the failure of termination policies and acceptance of tribal autonomy, advancing the proposition that tribes could provide better governmental services to their own members than federal bureaucracies.

(their wickedness had led God to curse them by marking them with a dark skin)

For example, as a result of the emergency recommendation of the Meriam Report, President Herbert Hoover requested additional funds to supply adequate food and clothing for pupils in boarding schools.

“These Indians are our responsibility--we took every thing away from them and pushed them out on reservations so arid that it takes 10 acres to graze one sheep, and expect them to eke out an existence…Now I do not know to whom to appeal for help, but it should be forthcoming. We have sent millions to Europe to feed the destitute and now we should send aid to our fellow Americans who are just as hungary

“Some people assert that the Indians prefer to live as they do; that they are happier in their idleness and irresponsibility.

“When statistics came out in 2000and 2002about the rates of violenceagainst Native women, that was very, very helpful for us. It was the first timethe United States government had released any sort of figures [about theabuse of Native women].

Finally he said, ‘I am not going to have you go stay with white people. That’show they’d see it, that I can’t take care of my own daughter. If she wants tocome here, she’s your friend, that’s fine.’”

The confusion that ensued was due to the murky legal status that had been burdening tribes since the Marshall Trilogy. A mere decade after being catapulted into becoming U.S. citizens, these same Indians were now being challenged to conceive of something that had never existed before, namely a constitution-based tribal government.

In complete disregard to the articles of this lawfully binding agreement,

Nearly two centuries later, when the United States determined that it needed to build a dam in Seneca territory it did not wait for the Seneca to choose to sell— it forced them.

No Indian shall be forced to cut their hair by any institution or public agency or official, including military authorities or prison regulation, for example.)

communications media regarding the Indian future within the American Nation,

thesaidtribesherebyforeverquitclaimtothegovernmentoftheUnitedStatestoanyandalllandstowhichtheyoreitherofthemmayeverhavehadanyclaim

Itisagreedbetweenthepartiesthatthefollowingdis-trictsofcountrybesetapartandforeverheldforthesoleuseandoc-cupancyofsaidtribesofIndians,

We Will Remember Survival School, 1979.

There were some Native people who advocated for integrating into the American polity, gaining rights through full embracing of American citizenship and dissolving the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

“progress”

have beseeched their representatives in the Senate and the House to pass legislation granting them equal rights of citizenship with their white neighbors."

In these lyrics, we can clearly see the mission of boarding schools and assimilation programs—Native people were literally “rubbing” away traces of Native “dirtiness” and revealing civilized “whiteness.” 

This means that you have chosen the life of the white woman—and the white woman loves her home. The family and the home are the foundation of our civilization. Upon the character and industry of the mother and the home maker largely depends the future of our Nation.

"One guy hadn't paid in a year" for land he used. "He'd gotten away with all the oil on a lease for free.

Largely with financing from the bank, her Blackfeet community, though still poor, developed 200 new businesses, mostly with financing from the bank she founded.

he U.S. made the decisions about investing the money, and if a tribe wanted to use it themselves, it had to get federal permission first

First and foremost, the Marshall Model of Indian Rights recog nizes the exclusive right of the United States to exercise supremacy over Indian tribes on the basis of the Indians’ presumed racial and cultural inferiori-ty.

The two- step process—discover and consummate by possession—legalized by the dis-covery doctrine was relied upon by all the colonizing

That the Indians may have full confidence in the justice of the United Statesrespecting their interests,

If any citizen or citizens of the United States, shall presume to settle upon the landsallotted to the Shawanoes by this treaty, he or they shall be put out of the protection of theUnited States

Indian Indians residingin their towns, and under their protection, shall be punished according to the laws of theUnited States

wardship

Allotment provided a direct path to citizenship. In exchange for moving onto allotted land and adopting the “habits of civilized life,” an individual Native person would be “declared to be a citizen of the United States,

The Court ruled that the state of Georgia did not have criminal jurisdiction to prosecute a state offense that occurred in Cherokee country. 

John Ross, Cherokee Chief, 1843, Library of Congress

The two quotes below demonstrate how tightly Georgians were clinging to the notion of historical inevitability that Marshall reiterated in the Johnson opinion.

It presumed that those who were already on that land were inferior to those who had “discovered”

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust in this Territory

My heart feels good that my red brothers live all around me.

When my children can read and write, then we will be in a better condition than we are now.

practically i

Smallpox had broken out already.

(in other words, did we ever come close to a Native state? Well…spoiler alert…yes! Kind of.

a desire to learn for its own sake

he whole enterprise really amounts to a straightforward two-step dance.