Moreover, the results revealed that the integration of a competitive element had a substantial impact on enhancing learners’ intrinsic motivation to develop their English language skills using LINE ChatBot.

Human–AI sessions were characterized by more structured exchanges.

Human–human sessions, on the other hand, displayed more spontaneous and collaborative patterns, including overlaps and backchannels.

Redefining speaking practice through ChatGPT’s voice conversation: Towards autonomous and personalized practice

Sixth category: Open questions post-survey

The study findings demons-trated that students felt more comfortable in a space where they could practice without the pressu-re of an evaluation and criticism or punishment from classmates or teachers.

technical ba-rriers, like poor internet connectivity and innadequate quiet spaces large enough for students to engage with the tool.

traditional me-thods for language teaching, such as pair work, role-plays, and group discussions,

Peer interaction, a collaborative process where students engage in activities such as debates, dis-cussions, feedback, and reflection, plays a pivotal role in language learning

Principles and Practice

explore the perceptions

As a foreign language, English istaught from elementary to tertiary education levels, though the intensity and quality ofinstruction often vary across regions due to disparities in teacher training and infrastructure(Renandya & Widodo, 2022).