he benefits from conserving ecosystems often accrue toothers, not the owner or manager of those ecosystems.
!!!
126 Matching Annotations
- Oct 2025
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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public goods
public good = non-rival and non-excludable!
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both rival and exclud-able, are called private goods
private good = rival AND excludable
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That makes it “rival” (ifRobin consumes it, Brendan can’t).
Rival: cannot be utilized by multiple people/interested parties
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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ES metrics were disaggregated in 62% of assessments(Fig. 4
what does this mean? disaggregated?
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demand-weightedamount of service, health benefits or job creation
quantitative SUFs
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ncreasing the frequency of assessments thatinclude the full chain—with both EPFs and SUFs—is a key researchpriority
makor take-away
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remaining 8% of studies either assigned a total value toecosystem conditions or processes without attributing that value toany specific service or evaluated governance of ES
oh... well that's not very helpful
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Where supply and benefit do not scale linearlywith each other—as is the case for most services—an analysis thatuses supply as a proxy is likely to misidentify where and how peoplewould be impacted by a change in land use or management
why we need ot study the entire chain, with an emphasis on beneficiaries
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capture relevant human values
emphasis on relevant
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integrate ecological models with socioeconomicand cultural dimensions
yes! must lok at the intersections! holistic approaches!
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7% of assessments considered the distribution of ES benefits explicitly across demographic or other beneficiarygroups
omg that's shocking
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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At the national level, however, wheredecisions about conservation are generallymade, large-scale logging currently providesbetter economic returns.
oop. that's a problem!
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aying theopportunity cost for forest conservation is aneconomical mechanism for securing reducedgreenhouse gas concentration
yes, but is hard to get people on board with a budget of "let's pay people this amount to save something" when it's not a "tangible" measurement of value
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itself would benefit rela-tively little from reducing global greenhousegas emission
interesting... why?
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significant economic cost to the internationalcommunity ($68 million to $645 million)
local = better without logging national = better with logging (more $$) international = better without logging
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Masoala Peninsula, one ofMadagascar’s most important reservoirs ofbiodiversity, would perhaps have become aforestry concession instead of a national park
this is a great example of how it is much easier for people to see "value" in terms of $$. Even though there are numerous ecossytem services provided by the forests existing AND it hosts a biodiverse ecosystem, policymakers would STILL quickly turn to logging instead because it is more "profitable"
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we terminated aid to the Masoalapark in year 5 and to the development com-ponent in year 20
i wonder why they chose these cutoff dates in their model?
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At the local level, we found that commu-nities would lose significant economic bene-fits if lands they were to use for community-based sustainable forest management andtourism were placed in large-scale loggingconcessions, whether sustainable or no
economic loss if converted to logging practices
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man-agement of the park and implementation ofdevelopment activities around the par
[costs]
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Ben-efits included employment, foreign aid, tour-ism, and the sustainable production of forestproducts, watershed protection, and carbonconservation resulting from prevention ofprojected deforestation
[benefits]
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orests would be extensively damaged fromroad-building and mechanized harvest
considering factors outside of just the obvious, direct impacts of logging
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scales of all relevantdecision-makers
essential piece here!
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national governments oftenmake large-scale natural resource decisionsaffecting conservation, and the internationalcommunity sponsors conservation throughforeign aid and technical assistance
importance of larger-scale incentives
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brightspace.uvm.edu brightspace.uvm.edu
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however, road density is inconsistent with COVID-19hotspots in East Java every month
yeah I feel like they're just jumping ot conclusions baed on assumptions and not data?
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residents in rural areas have sufficiently strong immune systems and are less affectedby the virus.
Where is this claim coming form??
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distance to automatic teller machines (ATMs)
i wouldn't have thought of this one. I wonder how they came up with these. was it based on other data that shows common illness-spread or high-traffic areas? or was it subjective and based on personal observations?
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spatial size(x,y) in each bin was set at 1 km with a hexagonal bin
ued hexigonal bins; how would analysis be different (would it be different) if they used square bins?
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point of theevent location, the order of the case, the age, the gender, the patient’s status, the location ofthe village, the subdistrict, and the district.
data collected (observation values)
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n 2009 and 2014, such as Dengue virus, Japaneseencephalitis, and Chikungunya [39]. The uniqueness of this region’s social, economic, andcultural conditions is a strong reason for this research’s importance
What is this "uniqueness?"
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ith the time-to-time approach and ove
what is the "time-to-time" approach?
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Lowtemperatures, mild-diurnal temperatures, and low humidity tend to support transmission
was this shown to actually be true as reserach toninued? I remember htere being a lot ofo debate about the assumptions of temperature impacts on disease spread
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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"Making progress on this emerging research topic requires under-standing whether and how microclimates could shelter species dur-ing press and pulse climate events. Knowledge of the relative roles of press and pulse events in altering species’ capacity to adapt or respond phenotypically to recent climate changes could indicate whether their extinction–colonization dynamics in the future will also change. Iden-tifying the direction and magnitude of species responses to extreme temperatures will inform the extent to which access to favourable micro-climates determines species persistence. Such an evidence base could guide whether interventions, such as maintenance or re-establishment of microclimatic heterogeneity within habitats and the surrounding matrix, could be part of the conservation plan for a species." important paragraph summarizing what work needs to be done and the importance of it
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"This example highlights the importance of simultaneously managing non-climatic threats, such as habitat degradation and invasive species, which interact with climate change to alter insect microhabitats"
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"Prioritizing sites with high microclimatic heterogeneity in area-based conservation planning is a valuable principle (Fig.3)."
can use the pre-existing treatment types and determine which provide the most microclimate heterogeneity, and relate that to data we can collect on insect biodiversity, populations, presence/absence, etc.
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"Range loss requires the provable absence of all populations from an area, whereas range expansions are inferred from the establishment and detection of a single population" identified challenges for this type of reserach
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"‘losers’ in most taxa (for example, ref. 114, but see ref. 115). Some spe-cies have life history constraints (such as poor dispersal or specialism to a particular host-plant species) that prevent them from using ben-eficial microclimates. Research should prioritize the identification of macro-climatic ‘losers’ at the coarser scale that are also poorly placed to exploit meso- or micro-refugia in the landscape, either because they simply cannot access them, or because species-specific resources are not available when they get there." research area suggestions from the paper
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"choice of oviposition location in butterflies reflected micro-climate suitability108" ooh sounds like a sascinating study
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"Identifying how microclimates affect movement through the landscape is critical to understanding the functional connectivity of patches (in other words, whether individuals can identify and disperse to favourable patches). Patch connectivity could vary dynamically with pulse and press events if favourable microclimates are distributed unevenly across the matrix."
Area for new research!!
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"local extinctions were more likely where microclimatic temperatures (using modelled estimates of temperature and aridity, also at a 5-m resolution) were higher"
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"Among Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, local extinction was reduced by microclimate variation, measured as the variability among quadrats in solar radiation reach-ing the Earth’s surface (mediated by topographic heterogeneity)77" possibly a study to read
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"integrate these species- and trait-specific plastic time courses into popu-lation dynamic models" paper's suggestion for an area of study/work
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"early work on the evolution of climate specialists versus general-ists emphasized life-cycle duration more than environmental change as moderators of fitness benefits of plastic responses" part of our "specialists vs genralists" conversation?
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"Conversely, with large diurnal temperature variations typical of deforested habitats, the beetles’ optimal performance temperature increased to 18.6°C, consistent with temperatures at lower elevations"
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"Heat tolerance, however, shows far less variation among indi-viduals, seasons, populations and species than cold tolerance, suggesting fundamental evolutionary constraints on rates of heat adaptation83"
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"So far, little consensus has been reached on which traits will respond most strongly to changing environmental conditions in the field, but life-history plasticity is widely expected to offset negative climate-change impacts"
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"Emergent patterns of extinction and colonization dynamics will become apparent through examinations of species range dynamics, as equatorial ranges shrink with extinction, and microclimates facilitate (or fail to facilitate) colonization and range expansion" general reserach inspiration
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"populations could use microclimates to reduce their exposure to the most damaging forms of climate and weather change in situ (referred to here as micro-refugia) or could use emerging microclimates in new areas to ‘escape’ through colonization"
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" microclimate measurements that focus on moisture are considerably more limited than thermal microclimates" limitations in data/data collection
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"This adaptability makes aerial imagery arguably the most effective tool for capturing insect-relevant microclimatic conditions53"
"Although impractical for large-scale studies, tailored in situ data can greatly enhance the accu-racy of microclimate models54. However, their limited spatial extent necessitate theirintegration into model-based approaches to bridge the gap between high-resolution and broader coverage"
important methods!!
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"These variables include ground surface temperature, soil moisture and landscape hetero-geneity, but exclude direct measurements of air temperature, soil temperature and precipitation" strengths and weaknesses of remote sensing tools
"At present, aerial imagery provides the only method for direct, centimetre-level measurements of ground surface temperature and landscape heterogeneity"
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"y contrast, in situ measurements, although resource-intensive, can achieve exceptionally high resolutions limited only by the size of the sensor (for example, an iButton measures temperature across the size of the sensor53, which is 1.7 cm wide), and its capacity to collect tem-poral data (one measurement per minute for iButtons)" oohhh fun toy??
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"Such models, including microclima49, NicheMapR50 and Microclimc51, are the most widely accessible tools for measuring microclimates" available models for microclimate prediction!!
"These models can be tailored to insect life histories by specifying predictions of soil or air temperature at set distances above ground and integrating vegetation and topography47,48,50,52" opportunity for us to take our own data and apply it to already available models
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"Predictions are consistently available at less than 30-m resolution, and can be made at resolutions as fine as 1 m"
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"Microclimate measurements are derived from three methods — modelling, in situ measurements and remote sensing46 " IMPORTANT for methods!!
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t"hermal position index42 (Fig.1), which can improve predic-tions of organismal responses to climate change" could be a useful tool!
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"Environmental tolerances can be inferred from species’ biogeo-graphical ranges40 or measured directly" potential methods
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"nsects can perceive subtle shifts in temperature (<0.1 °C) and humidity (~5–10%)25,26," this is a good statistic to compare to the paper that gives numerical values for canopy cooling effects
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"Given their small body size and short, multi-stage life cycles, insects experience environmental varia-tion at small spatial and temporal scales" important fact to consider in reserach planning/paper writing
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"Coupled with knowledge of species’ natural histories, incorporating microclimatic refugia into conservation strategies could improve conservation outcomes, buying time for species to adapt, to move to more suitable areas or to persist for longer in historically occupied areas." that's what i'm sayingggg
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"identify how suitable microclimates affect insect species’ niche space and key ecological and evolutionary processes (including colo-nization and extinction dynamics and range shifts)" good synthesis for notes
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"first discuss the microclimate models and technologies that meas-ure microclimates in unprecedented detail over relatively broad areas" this could be very helpful!!
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" insects might respond to climatic conditions over very small spatial scales; for example, leaf-inhabiting insects might respond to millimetre-scale differences in temperatures" one of the challenges Nick pointed out
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"For example, atypical microclimates can be found on slopes oriented away from the Equator or in forest understories that trap humidity"
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"Local climate, topography and land-use changes interact to determine microclimate characteristics and availability"
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"Insect spe-cies respond rapidly to climate change7,8 owing to their predominantly short generation times, multiple life stages with distinct climatic and habitat requirements, and physiological and ecological dependence on external environmental conditions"
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Management plans for insects should promote microclimate heterogeneity
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"Microclimatic availability within habitats can improve opportunities for adaptive or plastic responses to extremes, potentially moving insect populations towards a more favourable balance between extinction and colonization that can allow species to maintain or shift their geographical ranges over time."
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Tree canopies may thus reduce the severity of warming impacts on forest biodiversity and functioning
key thing i want to delve into
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- Sep 2025
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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management of servicedelivery may be more easily facilitated through an under-standing of the relationships between habitat characteristicsand service providers (e.g., by quantifying the amount ofhabitat needed to support the service providers
!!
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not explicit how the loss of oak trees would affect the cul-tural, recreational, or biodiversity value of the park,
some things are harder to quantify, esp if theyre mostly intangible
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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wild bee communities alone (without theaddition of managed honey bees) can provide partial orcomplete pollination services or enhance the servicesprovided by honey bees through behavioural interactions
yes!
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ecological information is needed in order todesign both policies and markets properly
I feel like this is my job in the world of env research :)
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Studiesof services should ideally be conducted at multiple, nestedscales, as environmental effects on them may be uncorre-lated across scales
yup yup yup, just like we talked about in GIS for bio!
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pecies perform-ing the same function but operating at different spatio-temporal scales will provide resilience to ecosystem services
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A VERY IMORTANT THING I SHOULD CONSIDER IN MY RESERACH!!! spatio-temporal diversity = resilience!?
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The answers to these questions will determine howset-asides should be distributed, and areas zoned fordifferent land uses, in order to protect and manage theservice
!!! yes, so important to understand the scale of function! They are often "layered", which can complciate things
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Understanding the spatial scales at which ecosystem servicesoperate will be essential to developing landscape-levelconservation and land management plan
Leu always ephasized how understanding scale and scope are relavant in EVERYTHING! we <3 spatial analysis
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attributed this rapid loss of function to loss
interesting
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the identity and the orderof species loss or gain are critical to effects on function
This seems like an important point!
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whether lack of compensatory responses aremore common in response to anthropogenic, rather thannatural, disturbance
!! intersting question
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ndividuals are likely to carry larger amounts of pollen ontheir bodies when bee densities are low, which could lead tolarger amounts of pollen transferred per visit
a population too big would be "less efficient" in term of ecosystem services
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ensity compensation occurswhen there are negative correlations between speciesabundances and enhances stability over that attained purelyby statistical averaging
not sure what this means?
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functionalattribute space
? what is "functional attribute space"?
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It incorporates richness effects bysumming over all species, identity (trait) effects by usingspecies-specific efficiency and abundance values, and inter-action effects by allowing efficiencies or abundances to varydue to inter-specific interactions or environmental context.
justification for methods
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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ervasive legacy of US federal- andstate-sanctioned campaigns of systemic, racialized exclusion aimedto reduce the representation and participation of minoritized racegroups in all aspects of human life
snaps okay, yes! but wow tat took an overtly political turn real quickly
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disabil-ity (76) and sexual orientation (77)
I have. aclose friend who falls along many of these intersections and hearing their struggles about trying to be successful in the world of science has been enlightening and made me so much more aware of teh numerous layers of inequality
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a different body of knowledge would be produced in theabsence of inequalities and that this body would more closelyreflect the spectrum of topics relevant across society.
A MAJOR TAKEAWAY
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this demographicgroup has a wider range of possible strategies to follow and anadvantage in the way their scientific capital can be invested,reinforcing inequalities in scholarly outcomes.
A MAJOR TAKEAWAY
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elationship between the populations engaged in certaintopics and the citation density of these topics
certain people tend to study certain things --> only a subset of those people get funded/cited --> only a subset of subjects is reserached/reviewed/published
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We expect to see people doing studies in areas that align with their identifies; can we assume these subjects would lack research if those that align with the identity weren't doing it? (I would argue in many cases, yes)
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Black authors are highly represented on topics of racial discrimi-nation, African American culture, and African studies and com-munities.
an instance where the bias/representation is acceptable? (who should be doing cultural studies/ are there benefits to this bias?)
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Inscience, diversity in the composition of scientific teams has beenlinked to higher citations (25) and tied to gains in innovation(26)
Also related to how single-author papers are less trusted/less often cited?
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annforsci.biomedcentral.com annforsci.biomedcentral.com
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models indicate significant shifts in patterns of tree species distribution over the next century but usually without any intrinsic consideration of the biological capacity of populations to move, internal population dynamics, the extent and role of local adaptation or the effects of climate and land use
!! things to consider in my own reserach
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Adapting forest management to climate change involves monitoring and anticipating change and undertaking actions to avoid the negative consequences or take advantage of potential benefits of those changes
!!
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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Despite fundamental differences betweenkey ecosystems for species and NCP, our re-sults indicate that top priorities for speciesincidentally represent NCP better than the re-verse (figs. S11 and S19
!! major point!
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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ability of montane microclimatic heterogeneity to buffer againstclimate change might be limited and context dependent
hmmmm
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his result isperhaps superficially surprising given the resilience of generalistspecies in other contexts (
exactly what i was about to say and goes a little bit agains tmy rpbb research?
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insects on mountainswill often find a greater diversity of plant resources, which (at leastfor herbivorous insects) should provide some buffer againstclimate-induced changes in the plant community
this is an intersting poitn I would like to look into further
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greater diversity of thermalenvironments, which might differ in mean conditions or rates ofwarming and could allow for behavioral thermoregulation evenwithout changes in elevational range
microhabitatssssss? we could test this hypothesis!
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A related issue is the effect of climatechange along elevational gradients, and at least a few expecta-tions align to suggest that montane insects could fare better inclimate change scenarios as compared with insects in less topo-graphically complex environments
interesting hypothesis; thinking the opposite in the context of RPBB; there is no refuge for the insects as temperatures increase and lower-elev habitat "creeps" into higher elevations
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function of warmer tem-peratures and reduced snow pack
did not consider the potential for reduced snowpack to have that much influence on insects
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ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com
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tract population fractions for each population subgroup
??
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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more investigation isneeded to understand which organisms exploit microrefugia underclimate change and why.
!!!
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In forestry, microclimates are managed to reduceinsect outbreaks (Kautz et al., 2013), support tree regeneration(Thom et al., 2022)
read these papers!
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Microclimate heterogeneity can be increased by altering veg-etation structure (Curtis & Isaac, 2015; Hylander et al., 2022).Vegetation structure can be modified using silvicultural prac-tices,
yep yep yep super relevant
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Microclimate management is crucial for protecting biodiversityunder climate change (Greenwood et al., 2016)
this paper maybe to defend my ideas?
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Overall, microrefugia can shapespecies redistributions under climate change (Lenoir et al., 2017;Stark et al., 2022).
read papers!
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Thus, microrefu-gia can buffer climate change impacts (Morelli et al., 2020)
!! read paper!
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For instance, shrubs and cushion plants mod-ify their below-canopy microclimates which facilitate the growth ofseedlings
yes, we love the impact of microclimates on seedling recruitment!! can i study this?? pls?
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the heterogeneity ofmicroclimates can mediate how species respond to climate change(Zellweger et al., 2020a), see also (Bertrand et al., 2016), and thisheterogeneity can also play a critical role in the context of land usechanges (Christiansen et al., 2022)
VERY RELEVANT!!! LOOK AT THESE REFERENCED PAPERS
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Recent investigations on plantcommunities show how microclimates shape species richness, turn-over and the composition of vascular plants (Opedal et al., 2015;Shen, Song, et al., 2022), bryophytes (Man et al., 2022; Shen, Corlett,et al., 2022) and lichens (Kemppinen et al., 2019)
LOOK INTO THESE PAPERS TOO!
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Recentreviews have highlighted the importance of microclimate overmacroclimate (Bramer et al., 2018), and discussed microclimate inrelation to remote sensing (Zellweger et al., 2019), measurementtechniques (Maclean et al., 2021), species distribution model-ling (Lembrechts, Nijs, et al., 2019) and forest ecology (De Frenneet al., 2021).
PAPERS TO LOK INTO!!
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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conversion of re-maining habitat foragriculture, aquac-ulture, or forestryoften does not makesense from the per-spective of globalsustainability
emphasis: global sustainability
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Kumari compared the values obtainedfrom timber plus a suite of nontimber forestproducts (NTFPs), as well as the values ofwater supply and regulation, recreation, andthe maintenance of carbon stocks and endan-gered species, for forests under a range ofmanagement regimes in Selangor, Malaysia(11)
this seems like a super relavent study for my research!!!!!!!
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www.susted.com www.susted.com
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if tension is held in a healthy way (and there is a strong network of trusted relationships), it can serve as generative force – allowing us to reach a deeper understanding and tap into a larger pool of creativity
I struggle to think of tension in a positive context; in what specific ways can tension be positive?
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discovery that there is often more diversity than originally acknowledged (especially in groups that have less racial diversity)
!!
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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stunninglybeautiful and has much intrinsic value
wouldn't you say the value is that of human art, art history, and culture, rather than just intrinsic value?
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Valuing ecosystem services is not identicalto commodifying them for trade in privatemarkets.
!!!!
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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con-front the reality thatconservation may beexpensive and stopdeceiving ourselves and partners in conser-vation with hopes that win-win solutions canalways be found.
right, but how do you justify spending money (an inherently human thing) on protecting nature rather than protecting people (i.e. social reforms)
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make ecosystem services the foundationof our conservation strategies is to imply —intentionally or otherwise — that nature is onlyworth conserving when it is, or can be made,profitable
i understand this argument, but I disagree; if done properly, nature is worth conserving for humans and for itself
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uvmoffice.sharepoint.com uvmoffice.sharepoint.com
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However, tangible changes in the operationof businesses and governments have notbeen dramatic, especially compared with thescale and urgency of the issue.
!!!!!
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brightspace.uvm.edu brightspace.uvm.edu
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Therefore,it is essential that laboratories host open conversations about diver-sity, equity and inclusion, as well as how racism manifests in macro-and microaggressions, unspoken expectations, routines and wealthdisparities 72.
I had some really valuable conversations with some other ecology friends who have experienced difficulties in the field being POCs
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also include modern examples of the ecologi-cal and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism on humancommunities6
!!!
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Building on this, instructors can include in lessons on bio-diversity and conservation the acknowledgement of multiple waysof understanding and valuing nature, including cultural, aestheticand spiritual values, as well as non-Western valuation of ecosystemsand biodiversity67
this is what i found so valuable about many of my classes at W&M; this was a intentional focus
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lecture-only courses withhigh-stakes exams to weed out students (for example, organic chem-istry)
lol
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(for example, by reading aloud and discussing depart-mental anti-racism statements)
do these practices actually work?might thwy feel performative or surface-level to underrepresented students? especially if coming from white instructors?
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