calculations to converge
像你提到的这种写法: 1.987(5) 实际上表示的是: 1.987±0.005 也就是说,括号里的 “5” 是对最后一位数字的不确定度。
calculations to converge
像你提到的这种写法: 1.987(5) 实际上表示的是: 1.987±0.005 也就是说,括号里的 “5” 是对最后一位数字的不确定度。
Lorentz Transformation:
simultaneous
在狭义相对论中,同时性是 参考系依赖的: simultaneous,同时发生,两个事件在一个惯性参考系中同时发生,但另一个参考系中未必同时发生,所以依赖参考系
To be consistent with the action of these operators the spherical harmonic wavefunctions should begiven the correct sign. This convention gives the appearance that harmonics for positive odd values of mhave their wavefunction multiplied by a factor of −1. ThusY1,1 = −√ 38π sin(θ )eiφ (2.17)Y1,0 =√ 34π cos(θ ) (2.18)Y1,−1 =√ 38π sin(θ )e−iφ (2.19)(2.20)17
Polarisability of harmonic oscillator
ˆl+ |m〉 = ̄h√l(l + 1) − m(m + 1) |m + 1〉 (2.15)ˆl− |m〉 = ̄h√l(l + 1) − m(m − 1) |m − 1〉
Raising operators for generating higher n,l wavefunctions
Summary of Energy Levels3 integer quantum numbers are needed to describe the scalar solutions for the non-relativistic Hydrogenatom wavefunction (n, l, m).n = 0, 1, 2, 3 · · · 0 ≤ l ≤ n − l ≤ m ≤ +l. (2.13)The energies of the allowed states areEn = − 12e24πε0a01(n + 1)2 = − μe232π2ε20 ̄h21N2 = − RyN2 . (2.14)16
EN = 1 8πε0a0N2
∃ xFx ⊢ ∃ x(Gx➝Fx)
1show 2ExFx
3Show Gx to Fx 4show Gx 5Gx ass id 6Fx ass id 7∃ x(Gx➝Fx) 8ED 2,3,7 (:DD 7)
⊢ (((P➝Q)➝(P➝R))➝(P➝(Q➝R)))
1.show ((P➝Q)➝(P➝R))➝(P➝(Q➝R))) 2. (P to Q) to (P to R) ass cd 3. show (P➝(Q➝R)) 4.P ass cd 5.show (Q to R) 6. Q 7. show (P to Q ) 8.P <br /> 9.Q 10. 11. P to R 1, 2 mp 12. R 4, 11 mp 13. 14.
((S∨R)➝Q), ~(P∨~S) ⊢ ~(P⟷Q)
(T➝~P), (~T➝~P) ⊢ ~P
~~P, ~T, ~T to ~P got
(P➝~P) ⊢ ~P
asssume P, get ~P
P, (R➝~Q), (P➝Q) ⊢ ~R
P. (O to ~Q). (P to Q). so ~O 1.show ~O 2.P 3.O to Q~ 4.P to Q 5.Q 6.~~Q
~R 8.
~~(P➝Q), P ⊢ Q
P. (O to ~Q). (P to Q). so ~O 1.show ~O 2.P 3.O to Q~ 4.P to Q 5.Q 6.~~Q 7. ~R 8.
~P, (Q➝P) ⊢ ~Q
mp: P to Q, P, Q mt : P to Q, ~P, ~Q. cause, TT are T, FF are F in true value.
P, (P➝Q) ⊢ Q
P P to Q Q
If Thaddeus won’t study if wisdom isn’t a virtue, then wisdom is a virtue only on theassump@on that virtue makes for happiness
(~W to ~T) to (W to V)
If Simon is saintly, then if Quirinius doesn’t fail to be punc@lious, Ruth reaps what shesows
S to (~~Q to R)
If Paul doesn’t ponder, wisdom is a virtue only on the condi@on that virtue makes forhappiness
~P to (W to V)
Ruth won’t reap what she sows provided that Quirinius fails to be punc@lious
~Q to ~R
If unjust conduct is good for the soul, then wisdom is a virtue only if virtue makes forhappiness
~U to (W to V)当使用only if句式的时候,consequence出现在actensent前面。
If unjust conduct isn’t bad for the soul, then virtue fails to make for happines
~V
If Thaddeus studies, then it’s not the case that he doesn’t fail to study
T to ~~~T
The claim that virtue doesn’t makes for happiness is false
~~V
Only provided that wisdom is a virtue does virtue make for happiness
V to W
If Ruth reaps what she sows only if virtue fails to make for happiness, then wisdom is avirtue if unjust conduct isn’t bad for the soul
(R to +v) to (~U to W)
Wisdom is a virtue if virtue fails to not make for happiness
~~V to W
If Paul ponders, then Quirinius fails to be punc@lious
P to ~Q
Paul doesn’t fall short of pondering
~~P
Simon is no saint
~s
This prac7ce problem
P only if Q :Only if Q to P, Not only if P to Q.
Prac7ce Problem Set 2
only if: only conbination with F and T , the valid is F, the rest are T
Logic 1
validity: no possible and the conclusion is false. Formal validity: every argument with this structure is valid. valid but not formally valid: depend on it meaning
Having cancer is a good thing, for whatever is required by a good thing is itself a goodthing. Being cured of cancer is a good thing, and being cured of cancer requires havingcancer.
so, Having C is a good thing F P1: Whatever is required T P2: being cured is good T P3: being cure need having C T
If Sarah did the wiring, it was done right. If Marie did the plumbing, then it was doneright. As neither the wiring nor the plumbing were done right, Sarah didn’t do the wiringand Marie didn’t do the plumbing
P1: If S did wiring, good T P2: If M did wiring, good T P3: wiring, good; plumbing, good T so, S did not do wiring, M did not do plumbing F
If the budget is to be balanced, we will have to raise taxes or cut spending. If we cutspending, then en7tlement programs will have to be cut and Democrats will have a fit. Ifwe raise taxes, Republicans will go ballis7c. So, if the budget is balanced, Democrats willhave a fit and Republicans will go ballis7c.
PA: If budget balanced either P2: If spending, democrats sad T P3: If taxes, rebuplicans sad. T so, If budget balanced, re sad and pub sad.(F)
likelihood L(D) = P (D|H)
H代表我们的假设,D代表数据集。如果数据只包含一个数值x,则似然性为L(x) = P(x|H)
Hypotheses
假设