Average score increased in mathematics at grade 4; no significant change at grade 8. Average scores declined in reading at both grades

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At the end of fifth grade, about 13% of White students and 22% of Asian students displayed advanced math-ematics achievement. The contrasting percentages were 2% and 3% for Black and Hispanic students, respectively.

Family TV rules (α= .52) was a standardized composite of three parent-reported binary questions indicating whether there were family rules about: (a) allowable TV programs; (b) how many hours of TV the child could watch; and (c) how early or late the child watched television. Parents volun-tarily self-reported information on their parenting practices. Similar groupings of these items have been used in prior work investigating parental literary activities (e.g., Byrnes et al., 2019), cognitive stimulation (e.g., Slicker et al., 2021), parent-child activities (e.g., Kim, 2021), parental warmth (e.g., Ogg & Anthony, 2020) and family TV rules (e.g., Morgan et al., 2021). Relatively low values of alpha for emergent literacy and family TV rules were likely due to the small number of scale items.

School Characteristics. School opportunity factors as continu-ous variables included the percent of students receiving free school lunch and reduced-price school lunch, the percent of non-White students, and averaged science and mathematics achievement in the spring of kindergarten

N = 10,922

ew studies, however,have examined the impacts of systemic sexism and racism onchemistry student outcomes1despite the ACS and many otherleading bodies in the STEM disciplines calling for an increasedeffort to improve equity for women and Black, Indigenous, andpeople of color (BIPOC).2−6The lack of fundamental researchon inequities in chemistry student outcomes makes it difficultfor instructors and researchers to contextualize inequities intheir student outcome data

Society would have toprovide opportunities equivalent to taking the course up to two and a half times to repay the largest educational debts.

FINDINGS

Chicago Public Schools spends about $8,482 per pupil while nearby Highland Park spends $17,291 per pupil. Chicago Public Schools have an 87% Black and Latino population while Highland Park has a 90% White population. • Per pupil expenditures in Philadelphia are $9,299 for its 79% Black and Latino population while across City Line Avenue in Lower Merion the per pupil expenditure is $17,261 for a 9 1 % White population. • New York City Public Schools spends $11,627 per pupil for a student population that is 72% Black and Latino, while subur

educational data are a key element in efforts to support educational equity

This material is based upon work supported by the NationalScience Foundation under Grant No. 1661097 and Grant No. 1740695.

call for a shift toward greater use of data in educator preparation programs.

so-called recidivism models.

Upon meeting her ayear later, they can suffer a few awkward hours because their models areout of date. Thomas the Tank Engine, it turns out, is no longer cool. Ittakes some time to gather new data about the child and adjust theirmodels

simplifying the world into a toy version that can beeasily understood and from which we can infer important facts andactions. We expect it to handle only one job and accept that it willoccasionally act like a clueless machine, one with enormous blind spots

Is that really amodel?The answer is yes. A model, after all, is nothing more than an abstractrepresentation of some process, be it a baseball game, an oil company’ssupply chain, a foreign government’s actions, or a movie theater’sattendance. Whether it’s running in a computer program or in our head,the model takes what we know and uses it to predict responses in varioussituations. All of us carry thousands of models in our heads. They tell uswhat to expect, and they guide our decisions

The next week, Bellenson renamed the app ‘122 Shades of Gray’ and added a note explaining that the authors of the Science study weren’t affiliated with the project. He says that because the app has always warned users that it is not predic-tive, it does not misrepresent the study.

the average black person was also substantially sicker than the average white person

Examine power. Data feminism begins by analyzing how power operates in the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1EMILY JOSEPHChallenge power. Data feminism commits to challenging unequal power structures and working toward justice.Elevate emotion and embodiment. Data feminism teaches us to value multiple forms of knowledge, including the knowledge that comes from.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 people as living, feeling bodies in the world.Rethink binaries and hierarchies. Data feminism requires us to challenge the gender binary, along with other systems of counting and classification that perpetuate oppression..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Eva Maria ChavezEmbrace pluralism. Data feminism insists that the most complete knowledge comes from synthesizing multiple perspectives, with priority .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Eva Maria Chavez, Fagana Stone, Tegan Lewisgiven to local, Indigenous, and experiential ways of knowing.Consider context. Data feminism asserts that data are not neutral or objective. They are the products of unequal social relations, and this context is essential for conducting accurate, ethical analysis..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei XuMake labor visible. The work of data science, like all work in the world, is the work of many hands. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda RossiData feminism makes this labor visible so that it can be recognized and valued.

There are also, always, people who go uncounted—for better or for worse.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. And there are problems that cannot be represented—or addressed—by data alone. And so data feminism, like justice, must remain both a goal and a process, one that guides our thoughts and our actions as we move forward toward our goal of remaking the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }111

That Darden and Champine were able to view their work as a success despite these inherent constraints underscores even more the importance of listening to and learning from people whose lives and voices are behind the numbers. No dataset or analysis or visualization or model or algorithm is the result of one person working alone. Data feminism can help to remind us that before there are data, there are people—people who offer up their experience to be counted and analyzed, people who perform that counting and analysis, people who visualize the data and promote the findings of any particular project, and people who use the product in the end

Throughout her career, in ways large and small, Darden used data to make arguments and transform lives. But that’s not all. Darden’s feel-good biography is just as much a story about the larger systems of power that required data—rather than the belief in her lived experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Cynthia Lisee—to perform that transformative work. An institutional mistrust of Darden’s experiential knowledge was almost certainly a factor in Champine’s decision to create her bar chart. Champine likely recognized, as did Darden herself, that she would need the bar chart to be believed..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11

Underlying data feminism is a belief in and commitment to co-liberation: the idea that oppressive systems of power harm all of us, that they undermine the quality and validity of our work, and that they hinder us from creating true and lasting social impact with data science..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah bean

These were the people who provided her with community and support.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi—and likely a not insignificant number of casserole dinners—as she ascended the government ranks. These types of collective efforts have been made increasingly legible, in turn, because of the feminist scholars and activists whose decades of work have enabled us to recognize that labor—emotional as much as physical—as such today.

Darden consulted with Langley’s Equal Opportunity Office, where a white woman by the name of Gloria Champine had been compiling a set of statistics about gender and rank

We write as two straight, white women based in the United States, with four advanced degrees and five kids between u.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Naomi Hailus. We identify as middle-class and cisgender—meaning that our gender identity matches the sex that we were assigned at birth. We have experienced.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten sexism in various ways at different points of our lives—being women in tech and academia, birthing and breastfeeding babies, and trying to advocate for ourselves and our bodies in a male-dominated health care system. But we haven’t experienced sexism in ways that other women certainly have or that nonbinary people have, for there are many dimensions of our shared identity, as the authors of this book, that align with dominant group positions. This fact makes it impossible for us to speak from experience about some oppressive forces—racism, for example. But it doesn’t make it impossible for us to educate ourselves.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi and then speak about racism and the role that white people play in upholding it..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 Or to challenge ableism and the role that abled people play in upholding it. Or to speak about class and wealth inequalities and the role that well-educated, well-off people play in maintaining those..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } Or to believe in the logic of co-liberation. Or to advocate for justice through equity. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanIndeed, a central aim of this book is to describe a form of intersectional feminism that takes the inequities of the present moment as its starting point and begins its own work by asking: How can we use data to remake the world?

n other words, Friedan had failed to consider how those additional dimensions of individual and group identity—like race and class, not to mention sexuality, ability, age, religion, and geography, among many others—intersect with each other to determine one’s experience in the world.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jayri Ramirez. Although this concept—intersectionality.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11—did not have a name when hooks described it, the idea that these dimensions cannot be examined in isolation from each other has a much longer intellectual history..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11

nor did she want others to experience the same fate.

Most of the engineers, who were predominantly men, never even bothered to learn the computers’ names.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1111.

Her newly minted master’s degree in applied math had earned her a position as a data analyst there.