In the same year that Australia passed its constitution, the government passed the White Australia Policy, which sought to keep out Chinese and other non-European migrants. Canada and the United States also gave preference to European migrants at this time.

colonization by Japan starting around 1900, impacted a larger area of the region than did colonization by Europe.

The Indonesian language was an important component of creating Indonesian nationalism to help the country gain independence from the Netherlands. During the colonial era, the Netherlands used Dutch as the language of government. In 1928, the Second Congress of Indonesian Youth chose Bahasa Indonesian as the official language of the country they hoped to free from Dutch colonialism. In response, the Dutch saw the Indonesian language as a threat and banned its use in education in 1932. When Japan occupied Indonesia in 1942, they immediately banned the use of the Dutch language in addition to the Indonesian language. At the end of World War II, Japan lost its colonies and occupied territories, including Indonesia, and the people of Indonesia claimed their independence from Japanese occupation and Dutch colonialism in 1945.

In 1950, the Indian constitution abolished and forbade the practice of “Untouchability” and prohibited discrimination based on caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth. Caste is less important in India today than it has been historically; however, it remains a reality in the daily lives of hundreds of millions of Indians. Estimates are that India today has well over 3,000 jatis and 25,000 subcastes. The Indian government has established a list of scheduled2 castes (Dalits), scheduled tribes (indigenous peoples), and other backward castes (OBCs). In the 2011 census, India estimated that 16.2 percent of the country's population was in scheduled caste, which includes not only Hindus, but also Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians. The government categorizes another 8.2 percent of India's population as scheduled tribes, also called the Adivasis. The list of OBCs includes over 3,000 subcastes, primarily from the Shudra and Vaishya castes, and accounts for 37.1 percent of the country's population. The government of India has practiced affirmative action for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes since 1950 and for OBCs since the 1980s, reserving a certain number of elected offices, places in universities, and positions in government or government-funded jobs for them.

The rise and spread of Judaism differs markedly from the rise and spread of Christianity and Islam. Unlike Muslims and Christians, Jews do not actively proselytize.

Also, as a result, the structure of many African national economies was returned to what it was during the colonial era—an economy producing primary goods for consumers outside of Africa.

If a country's GNI increases, it may mean a lot of wealth has been generated for the richest segment of the population, thereby increasing the GNI per capita and GNI. However, the poorer members of society may see little to no improvement in their condition, despite the state's increased GNI.

one state on the global stage as a hegemon.

In contrast to the weak globalization perspective, the strong globalization view holds that a global economy has emerged since the 1970s and is significantly different from that which existed previously.

the problem also happens when geographers aggregate data in different ways; for example, crime statistics reported by school district appear different than the same data reported by police district. A continuous phenomenon may be measured over several areal units, or the data themselves appear differently based on the areal unit used for reporting and mapping.