Teachers are, of course, also excellent resources for help with writing conventions, and many of them are happy to give you assistance if only you ask

"fresh pair of eyes."

Reading aloud can be your friend in this process.

like hedging, explicitness, objectivity, formality, variety, complexity, etc.

The more you read, both texts you enjoy reading and texts that you have to work to enjoy or get into, especially texts with grammar and vocabulary that is just a little bit more advanced than how you tend to write, the more improvement you can see in your writing.

I want to help get you there. 

Personally, I am a language descriptivist, so I don't believe that however we speak with our friends, colloquially, or in different cultures of subcultures should be called "incorrect"

rules of the English language are always changing

saying someone speaks or writes English poorly, or implying that they are not as smart as someone else because of the way they use language, can be intentionally or unintentionally discriminatory - racist, xenophobic, or classist (elitist).

"standard English,"

their own specific conventions, or set of expectations for how they are written, known as "genre conventions."

set of agreed-upon expectations for written communication in English, especially the formal written English

If Trump’s embrace of the Ukraine conspiracy doesn’t sink his political future by leading to impeachment, it may nonetheless signal that his political future is bleak.

Trump’s ongoing embrace of conspiracy theories while in office can still be explained by the history of political conspiracy thinking

Since then, conspiratorial thinking, has remained most attractive to opposition parties seeking to discredit their establishment rivals

Typically it is members of the party out of power who push conspiracies.

feed the conspiracy theory.

Schweizer is a longtime pusher of conspiracies about liberals. He published a book in 2018 titled “Secret Empires,” which included a chapter about the Bidens in Ukraine.

Peter Schweizer

makes false claims about the vice president’s interference in Ukrainian politics to protect the business interests of his son, appears to skeptics to be the malicious invention of Republican political hacks, designed to weaken Biden’s presidential candidacy.

Democrats’ anxieties about Russian conspiracies to interfere in the 2016 campaign cannot be extricated from this historical context of paranoia just because they have a significant basis in fact

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the phrase “conspiracy theory” first appeared in the early 20th century United States, in the context of political histories of the 19th century

Only a conspiracy, ginned up for partisan effect, and personal profit, could have led to such ideas about Jackson.

“We are admonished by history, that the principal dangers to popular governments arise from the interference of foreign nations, either by force or fraud, in their concerns; or from the corrupt ambition of their own citizens seeking exclusive and forbidden powers.”

The degree to which either side believed what they were saying about their rivals has been hotly debated by historians ever since

Timothy Dwight warned that Jeffersonians were under the sway of the Bavarian Illuminati, an international conspiracy aiming to overthrow Christianity.

Conspiracy theories — or allegations that secret agents were working together for a hidden (typically sinister) purpose — are older than the nation, and have been voiced by every party that ever took part in the country’s politics.

a wild tale of a missing computer server whisked off to Eastern Europe for nefarious, if never entirely clear, purposes, and something involving Joe Biden, his son Hunter and, for good measure, China, too.

Here is a link to some questions you should ask:

Scholarly vs. Popular Resources

In order for a source to be included in a database, it usually must go through a screening process that requires individuals to verify the information in the text. Because of this cross-checking process, the articles you find in databases will usually be more reliable than sources you might find simply by looking for them using a search engine.

Often, the most reliable information you will find on the internet will come from online database

For example, some websites are known for being more left-wing or right-wing.

Because anyone can produce a podcast, be aware that biased podcasts exist, and some might be used as propaganda.

Podcasts are essentially audio files that can be streamed on a computer or mobile device, like portable radio.

When evaluating a personal website, find out what you can about the author and their affiliations. Some personal websites exist solely to spread propaganda or other biased information.

try to locate the people or groups behind the usernames

Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, Tumblr, and Instagram.

Because clickbait sources exist simply to promote webpages, they are not considered credible sources.

When looking for sources online, it’s important to recognize which article titles sound like clickbait. Most clickbait articles want to shock the reader, so be aware of words like surprising, alarming, and shockingin titles. Another form of clickbait is a page that challenges the viewer to a quiz or test.

Clickbait is a type of sensationalized advertisement that seeks to attract viewers through catchy or seemingly unbelievable headlines.

Wikipedia can be used as a jumping-off point for other sources.

However, unlike encyclopedias, Wikipedia pages can be edited by anyone, which means that sometimes the information stated is not reliable and is edited for the sake of making a joke (see example below).

On the other hand, some well-known organizations use a .com domain extension. Both National Geographicand TEDuse .com domain extension, despite the fact that they’re large organizations.

it’s important to know that .com, .org, and .net domain extensions can be purchased and used by anyone. However, the .edu domain extension is reserved only for educational institutions, and the .gov domain extension is only used by governmental institutions.

domain extensions:

Understanding SEO is important because it dictates the initial information you’re presented with when using a search engine for your research

Different search engines may utilize SEO differently, which also means that, depending on what search engine you use, you might have different results appear first.

SEO works by locating keywords and sorting information for relevancy and accuracy

If the source appears to represent an opinion, does the author offer legitimate reasons for adopting that stance?

Objective language sticks to the facts, but emotional language relies on garnering an emotional response from the reader.

If you’re reading an opinion-based source, ask yourself whether there’s enough evidence to back up the opinions.

If the author lists specific dates or facts, can you find that same information somewhere else?

Is the source twenty years out of date?

If a source has a list of references, it often means that the source is well-researched and thorough.

Thus, when examining sources for possible propaganda, be aware that sometimes groups may deploy pieces of true information in deceptive ways.

lives of crime after using sites that compete with the Purdue OWL

The Purdue OWL is clearly the only safe choice for student writers.

fact, opinion, and propaganda

Remember that scholarly sources often have a very particular audience in mind, and popular sources are written for a more general audience.

What does the author want to accomplish?

locate more information about the author.

When evaluating sources, being able to determine whether it’s primary or secondary is helpful as you continue in your research.

A secondary source is a source that is more removed from an event, usually written after the event has happened

A primary source is a firsthand or eyewitness account of information by an individual close to the topic

Understanding the difference between a scholarly and popular source is a crucial step in evaluating credible sources.

Popular sources are not peer-reviewed, and they do not usually include a reference list

Scholarly sources often have a specific audience in mind, most likely other experts in the particular field of study.

scholarly and popular

Before getting started, it’s important to establish what genre of research you need

Ask the tough questions.

To succeed as a researcher, and ultimately a persuasive, credible writer, you have learned that you can’t fly solo—that, in fact, no one can go it alone.

After carefully evaluating PETA’s Web site, you will likely decide that while it contains some useful and credible information, you will need to use this site with care and ac-knowledge its agenda.

Does that constitute a bias? Well, it definitely points to a well-shaped agenda, and you need to recognize that, whether you agree or disagree with the mission the site is promoting

“Animals are not ours to experiment on, eat, wear, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way.”

The extension .org in the URL indicates that this Web site is not set up for commercial purposes—that is, not for deriving profit from the activity on the site

Humane Society of North Texas

“animal shelters and lost pets”

“animal shelter,”

By doing so, you will be contributing to the discussion with your own observations, questions, comments, and concerns

fair use of emotional appeals (pathos)

motives and agendas (ethos)

scrutinizing the structure of their argument (logos

The sheer volume of in-formation might be overwhelming, making you sometimes feel that there exists nothing of value on your particular topic

cholarly journal articles, news briefs, en-vironmental agencies’ reports, statistics, transcripts of Congressional hear-ings, activists’ blogs and discussion forums, a simple Google search can also bring you videos, maps, PowerPoint presentations, and the like

When your computer is connected to the Internet, you have a world of information at your fingertips.

But libraries and print materials do have some disadvantages

Library collections are systematically organized and cataloged.

Simply put, when evaluating, you “read with an attitude” (Palmquist 49).

evaluate your sources

1. Who is the author? 2. How do I know that he/she is knowledgeable about the subject?3. Is the author using emotional appeals/manipulation in his or her argument?4. Does the author use “loaded” language to distract readers from relevant reasons and evidence?5. Is the support for the argument appropriate to the claim?6. Are all the statements believable?7. Is the argument consistent and complete?

Show that you know who argues against your case, and your au-dience will take your argument more seriously

credibility is not an innate quality.

hat of your sources and that of your own.

critical reading and thinking skills.

The more logical an argument is, the more likely the reader will be persuaded.

following

If an author makes an argument that remains logical and consistent from beginning to end, then readers are likely to be persuaded

ome less savvy authors will be as bold as to claim another viewpoint is “stupid.”

biased

Appealing to the reader’s emotions (using pathos)

The ASPCA and homeless pets have certainly benefitted from the generosity of viewers whose heartstrings were tugged by the use of emotion in these commercials.

One common mistake writers make is to represent only one side of an argument

Authors establish credibility with the way they con-struct their arguments.

It doesn’t hurt that Allison writes about herself, a topic that any reader would expect Allison to know more about than anyone else.

He learns these facts by reading the introduction to the essay that included facts about Dorothy Allison, a writ-er whom Jack was not familiar with before he read this essay.

establishing credibility (ethos)

logos, ethos, and pathos

National Council Licensure Examination

Accelerated BSN programs usually take 12 months to complete, though some programs may run for 16 to 24 months

After the first semester basic skills are obtained, students rotate through Obstetrics, Mental Health, Medical, Surgical, Oncology, Critical Care and Pediatric Units to get a holistic view of nursing and what it encompasses

Pre-requisites often include math, English, and other basic level courses

Columbia University

Yale School of Nursing

University of Minnesota o

These same nurse leaders also established what would be become the National League for Nursing Education and helped in establishing the American Nurses Association

Louisa Parsons, a graduate of the Nightingale Fund School at St. Thomas' Hospital in Londo

Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing

Before the late 1800s little formal education was available to train nursing students

nursing is a three-year course in the UK,

Florence Nightingale

The nature of nursing education and nursing qualifications varies considerably across the world.

Post-nominal initials

An advanced professional degree provides further training in a specialized area of the profession

Recently it has been shown that NP's prescribe opioids at a rate 28 times higher than physician counterparts in states they practice autonomously.

no independent or unbiased reviews have duplicated such findings

care by APNs in collaboration with physicians is comparable than care by a physician alone

Grandfather exception

Because 45% of the nurse anesthesia programs are located in schools of allied health, these programs will award a Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP)

Although the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists approved this recommendation, it is not requiring program compliance until the year 2025.[4]

While APNs are educated differently depending on their specific specialty, all APNs are now trained at the graduate level and are required to attain at least a master's degree, generally a Master of Science in Nursing in their field of concentration

APN education forms the basis of four recognized general areas of specialization:

Throughout the span of 6 years the nursing faculty shortage has been written about an increasing amount. There is no clear consensus or an organized plan on how to fix the ongoing issue.

there is a shortage of academically qualified instructors to teach at schools of nursing worldwide

40,000 qualified nursing applicants were turned away in the 2005–2006 academic year from baccalaureate nursing programs due to a lack of masters and doctoral qualified faculty, and that this number was increased over 9,000 from 32,000 qualified but rejected students from just two years earlier

Approximately 29.8 percent of all nursing jobs are found in hospitals

The International Council of Nursing (ICN), the largest international health professional organization in the world

Correctional nursing

Canadian nursing dates back to 1639 in Quebec with the Augustine nuns.

Nursing specialty certification is available through the Canadian Nurses Association in 22 practice areas,[76] including:

Latin American nursing is based on three levels of training: (a) professional/registered, (b) technical, and (c) auxiliary

In the UK, the title "nurse practitioner" is legally protected.

Nurse practitioners

Many nurses who have worked in clinical settings for a long time choose to leave clinical nursing and join the ranks of the NHS management.

There are shortened (18-month) programs to allow nurses already qualified in the adult branch to hold dual registration as a nurse and a midwife

Master's degrees exist in various healthcare related topics, and some nurses choose to study for PhDs or other higher academic awards.

After the point of initial registration, there is an expectation that all qualified nurses will continue to update their skills and knowledge.

Nursing in Israeli culture begins with Shifra and Puah, the two Jewish midwives who helped the Jewish women in ancient Egypt give birth.

Japan only recognizes four types of nursing

A midwife takes care of a pregnant woman during labour and postpartum

Individuals who are assistant nurses follow orders from a registered nurse

Those who attended a nursing university have a bit of an advantage over those who went to a nursing school.

Japanese nurses never have to renew their licenses. Once they have passed their exam, they have their license for life.[76]

Japan, "nursing work has been described using negative terminology such as 'hard, dirty, dangerous, low salary, few holidays, minimal chance of marriage and family, and poor image.'"

Australia

with about 2.7 million employed in 2011

Graduate education

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Nursing is the nation's largest health care profession

About 21 percent of registered nurses are union members or covered by union contract.

In some states, the terms "nurse" or "nursing" may only be used in conjunction with the practice of a registered nurse (RN) or licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN/LVN).

Each state has its own laws, rules, and regulations governing nursing care.

Nurses are also at risk for violence and abuse in the workplace

This stress puts nurses at risk for short-term and long-term health problems, including sleep disorders, depression, mortality, psychiatric disorders, stress-related illnesses, and illness in general

nurses consistently identify stress as a major work-related concern and have among the highest levels of occupational stress when compared to other professions

Internationally, there is a serious shortage of nurses

They also work on cruise ships

Specialties and practice settings

Scope of activities

female nurses are more common, while male nurses receive more pay on average

pediatrics, neonatal, maternity, OBGYN, geriatrics, ambulatory, and nurse anesthetists and informatics (eHealth

The National Licensure Examination (NCLEX)

(BSN) is awarded to the nurse who has earned an American four-year academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by a tertiary education university or similarly accredited school.

RNs provide scientific, psychological, and technological knowledge in the care of patients and families in many health care settings. RNs may earn additional credentials or degrees.

professionals to ensure quality care for all,

Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.

In the 19th and early 20th century, nursing was considered a women's profession, just as doctoring was a men's profession

More nurses volunteered for service in the US Army and Navy than any other occupation

Formal use of nurses in the modern military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Other important nurses in the development of the profession include:

Florence Nightingal

Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the Roman Catholic Church, were removed from their positions. The nursing profession suffered a major setback for approximately 200 years.

Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided nursing-like care

600 BC in India, it is recorded in Sushruta Samhita, Book 3, Chapter V about the role of the nurse as "the different parts or members of the body as mentioned before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by one who is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, any one desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examine its different parts."

nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings

focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life

People who believe in health-related conspiracy theories are less likely to follow medical advice, and more likely to use alternative medicine instead

People formulate conspiracy theories to explain, for example, power relations in social groups and the perceived existence of evil forces

Similarly, they depict the public as ignorant and powerless against the alleged conspirators, with important aspects of society determined by malevolent forces, a viewpoint which is likely to be disempowering.

perceived sense of powerlessness, exposure to conspiracy theories immediately suppresses personal feelings of autonomy and control

1960s

Conspiracy theories are most likely to inspire violence when they call for urgent action, appeal to prejudices, or demonize and scapegoat enemies.[26]

Health-related conspiracy theories often inspire resistance to water fluoridation, and contributed to the impact of the Lancet MMR autism fraud.[16][23]

linked to prejudice, witch hunts, wars, and genocides.[

Any minor errors in the response are heavily emphasized, while deficiencies in the arguments of other proponents are generally excused.[16]

the continued lack of evidence directly supporting conspiracist claims is portrayed as confirming the existence of a conspiracy of silence; the fact that other people haven't found or exposed any conspiracy is taken as evidence that those people are part of the plot, rather than considering that it may be because no conspiracy exists

Conspiracy theories typically justify themselves by focusing on gaps or ambiguities in knowledge, and then arguing that the true explanation for this must be a conspiracy.[

Belief in conspiracy theories is correlated with anxiety disorders, paranoia, and authoritarian beliefs.[110]

be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so

here