African American soldiers defied the inequality of military service and used their positions in the army to reshape society

significant exemptions to the Emancipation Proclamation including the border states, and parts of other states in the Confederacy

Despite the Confederate withdrawal and the high death toll, the Battle of Antietam was not a decisive Union victory.

As a result, soldiers often sang on fatigue duty and while in camp. 

Music was popular among the soldiers of both armies, creating a diversion from the boredom and horror of the war.

Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers found such a policy unchristian.

In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors’ heads and began accepting fugitive slaves who came to Fortress Monroe in Virginia.

Lincoln, who initially waged a conservative, limited war, believed that the presence of African American troops would threaten the loyalty of slaveholding border states, and white volunteers who might refuse to serve alongside black men.

black Americans quickly forced the issue of slavery as a primary issue in the debate.

The United States represented the greatest example of democratic thought and ideals at the time

This strategy intended to strangle the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade, while ground troops entered the interior. Like an anaconda snake, they planned to surround and squeeze the Confederacy.

President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve three months to suppress the rebellion.

The assault on Fort Sumter, and subsequent call for troops, provoked several Upper South states to join the Confederacy

The Committee of Thirteen ultimately voted down the measure and it likewise failed in the full Senate vote (25-23)

Fort Sumter

To a Southern man, there was no fate more terrifying than the thought of being reduced to the level of a slave. 

Confederate nationalism was based on several ideals, foremost among these being slavery. 

unanimously 169-0 to dissolve their Union with the United States.

South Carolina acted almost immediately, calling a convention to declare secession

Abraham Lincoln’s nomination proved a great windfall for the Republican Party.

The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths

Those concerned about drinking could join temperance societies; other groups focused on eradicating dueling and gambling. Evangelical reformers might support home or foreign missions or Bible and tract societies.

The Compromise of 1850 tried to offer something to everyone, but in the end it only worsened the sectional crisis

eastern and the western leadership together and called for an end to slavery in Washington DC and a halt on slavery’s expansion in the territories.

The treaty infuriated antislavery leaders in the United States.

Doughfaced

unity under white supremacy

Questions immediately arose as to whether these lands would be made slave or free

The Haitian Revolution marked an early origin of the sectional crisis. It helped splinter the Atlantic basin into clear zones of freedom and un-freedom

They generated tremendous wealth for the British crown

Americans north and south began to fear that the opposite section of the country had seized control of the government.

They argued that the ten-hour day would improve the immediate conditions of laborers by allowing “time and opportunities for intellectual and moral improvement.”

Over 1.5 million immigrants from the various German states arrived in the United States during the antebellum era

Any money earned or spent belonged by law to their husbands.

Whites argued that African American women were less delicate and womanly than white women and therefore perfectly suited for agricultural labor

A series of push and pull factors drew immigrants to the United States.

In 1825 a group of journeymen in Boston formed a Carpenters’ Union to protest their inability

Wage workers—a population disproportionately composed of immigrants and poorer Americans—faced low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions

Robert Fulton established the first commercial steam boat service up and down the Hudson River in New York in 1807

The 350 mile-long manmade waterway linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River—and thereby to the Atlantic Ocean.

America’s exports rose in value from $20.2 million in 1790 to $108.3 million by 1807

. Depressions devastated the economy in 1819, 1837, and 1857.

The white men pursued and fired on us several times.

born the property of Benjamin Turner, of this county

but survivors throughout the Americas re-created variants of familiar instruments, if possible.

legally determined so many aspects of their lives from life to death.

Africans forced onto slave ships were drawn from a large range of societies and cultures.

flogging

they are not permitted to be a moment idle until it is too dark to see, and when the moon is full, they often times labor till the middle of the night.

The hands are required to be in the cotton field as soon as it is light in the morning,

"THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS REST"

In contrast, England appointed Virginia's governor, while in Maryland, the governor was appointed by the Calvert family, which owned the colony.

Puritan

that even two days before the massacre some of our men were guided through the woods by them in safety

it appeared that Jamestown was an economic failure.

Only after the Spaniards had used violence against them, killing, robbing, torturing, did the Indians ever rise up against them....

They are also poor people, for they not only possess little but have no desire to possess worldly goods. For this reason they are not arrogant, embittered, or greedy.