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  1. Oct 2024
    1. Further, wolves are opportunistic, flexible hunters with dietsdepending on availability and vulnerability of prey (Huggard 1993,Cressman and Garay 2011, Morehouse and Boyce 2011, Metz etal. 2012), and livestock depredation by wolves is common in manyareas of the world (e.g., Rigg et al. 2011, Li et al. 2015, Ali et al.2016, Fernández-Gil et al. 2016).

      Wolves are highly adaptable predators, meaning their hunting strategies can shift based on environmental conditions and prey availability. What factors contribute to the opportunistic hunting behavior of wolves, and how does this flexibility impact their predation on livestock? How do the predator-avoidance strategies of wild prey compare to those of cattle, and what implications does this have for their vulnerability to wolves?