global scale

This is a challenge because these elements are found almost everywhere on ships -- even on new plastic surfaces,

However, we were able to prove it experimentally over large oceanographic extents for the first time

These things don’t work overnight. You can’t just add an anti-corrosive agent and have it do its job right away. You want enough treatment to do the job, but not clog lines. You do it gently over time. If you live in Flint, you’re not going to be drinking your water for quite a while – how long is unclear.

loss of the phosphate protective layer

millions

Lead was a popular choice for use as water pipes for centuries. The Romans used the dense metal because of its durability and malleability. Water pipes are no longer made from lead, but older cities, such as Flint, still rely on lead pipes—in addition to those made from copper and iron—to transport water to people’s homes.

However, KWA was not ready to deliver the water, because they were in the process of building a new pipeline to bring water from nearby Lake Huron. This meant that officials in the city of Flint needed to find a short-term solution while the new pipeline was being built

October 2014

8,000 children were exposed to a poisonous element that will have lifelong effects on their brain and nervous systems.

last Friday the state announced that up to 4,000 Flint homes could receive new faucets to replace brass ones that could potentially contribute to lead contamination in the water

three years

city money

More than a dozen state and local officials have been criminally charged over Flint's poisoned water, including two former emergency managers who could face decades in prison if convicted, while the state's attorney general tells TIME that the investigation is not yet over.

Officials

 44recommendations

Water is now widely viewed as much as a commodity as a public good. The highest-margin product in restaurants and convenience stores, twenty ounces of bottled water sells, at more that $8 per gal­lon, for far more than gasoline, yet it costs a fraction to produc

completely risk-free

MTBE, an additive that makes gas bum cleaner but is also a human carcinogen

In 2011, Americans drank more than nipe billion gal­lons of bottled water-roughly 312 single-serve bottles per man, woman, and child.

dea of water replacing timber must have seemed an odd choice.

The mill shut its doors in 2002

5ome. oCthe men are wearing thefr fishing hats .. · Others duck their heads underfolded newspapers held·not very_ high in. an e�ort_to compromise between keeping .'their heads ·dry and-letting rain. tun up their sleeves. F�llowing some form �f courtesy, I guess; they lower these newspapers w:hen they ·spea� with you, and squint politelyinto the rain. --· · · ' Women are bringing coffee in mugs to the road crew. They've ba�ly made _a dent in the tree trunk, and they're· giving up,. It's a job for power tools; the water's 'going down.�yw�y', and the dang�r �s past. Some kid ·starts doing .tricks on· a ska�eboard; I headhome.

Th:i.t mornfr1g I'm. standing at my kitchen window< Tinker. Creek is out of its four-foot banks, way out, and it's still coming� The high creek doesn't look like our creek. Our creek

the uncertainty of visi�-the. hor.[()r of. the :'., ·. :_fixed, the · dissolution of · th� present� the inuicacy of beauty; the :. ·. :·:pressure .of ·fecu:ndity, th� elusiven�ss of· the fr�\ and the ftawe<I· ;,_·nature -of �fection.