“Oh, Glossier is a brand I want to be friends with.” I wantcustomers who I want to be friends with. It cuts both ways.
Community (friendship) constantly popping up in messaging. The community angle remains extremely strong, especially in messaging by leadership (which itself is a smart tactic -- use the most high-up person to convey the most intimate messages)
After customers clamored for a Glossier sweatshirt worn by model Karlie Kloss in an Instagramselfie, the team launched branded merchandise including sweatshirts, totes, headbands, and logo pins
Influencer + Lifestyle brand shift
Glossier is positioned to disrupt this.”11
Initial position as disruptors in the beauty market is important to note.
Since the population is known to have a normal distribution
With normal distribution, SD/sqrt(n) = SD of population
Levels of Measurement
Nominal -- qualitative, no calculations
Ordinal -- qualitative, but can be ordered//ranked from most desired to least desired response. Cannot be used in calculations
Interval -- Definite order but there are differences between data which can be measured (e.g. differences in temp), no starting point / defined 0.
Ratio -- Definite order, gives most info, has a 0 point and can be used to calculate ratios (exam scores out of 100)
Data that is measured using an ordinal scale is similar to nominal scale data but there is a big difference. The ordinal scaledata can be ordered. An example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks in the United States.
Ordinal = ability to rank // ranked order responses (scale which uses "good, OK, bad")
We need to evaluate the statistical studies we read about critically and analyze them before accepting the results of thestudies. Common problems to be aware of include
Important segment
Key Terms
Population -- collection of persons
Sampling -- selecting a portion of the population
Statistic -- number which represents a property of the sample
Parameter -- Numerical characteristic of pop that can be estimated by a statistic.
Variables may be numerical or categorical.
Numerical variables may be used to make calculations (e.g. averages)
Categorical variables cannot be used to make calculations (average party affiliation cannot be averaged).
In hisessay on bureaucracy, Weber returned to thistheme, contending that bureaucracy, the ra-tional spirit's organizational manifestation, wasso efficient and powerful a means of controllingmen and women that, once established, themomentum of bureaucratization was irreversi-ble (Weber, 1968).
Capitalist realism ...
However, we also draw significantly from a widevariety of unstructured qualitative research activities.
interviews with industry participants, events, site visits, inspection of promotional materials
DonotsetupaWEIRDvs.non-WEIRDdichotomyinyourmind!
This books sucks at avoiding this for the most part so...
Cultural mindsets
Core Predictions of CSC: 1. Each society has practices linked to highlighting group boundaries and structuring relationships -- some have access to both collectivist and individualistic mindsets.
What cultural mindset is accessible in the moment matters. These can be cued from particular descriptive norms and people are sensitive to cues about when to use C vs. I mindsets.
Living in a society results in 'if-then' knowledge -- minutely tuned expectations about how events will unfold and what situations will be about based on the C or I societal mindset.
cally ess
Essentialism is the idea that people and things have 'natural' characteristics that are inherent and unchanging.
Giving Up the Home-Field Disadvantage
Actively mark the unmarked cultural group - work to see cultural groups as heterogenous and that research findings are a relationship between a cultural group and the research design.
Try to be as collaborative and diverse as possible in designing and carrying out research
Study phenomenon of interest on terms of the culture(s) being studied. Do not simply take English emotion terms and try to find "counterparts" in a different culture.
emic
Cultural psych is rooted in the emic perspective Emic perspective: What cultural values and practices explain why only some humans feel “pride”
but 40% of the bandsstudied have a suicide rate of zero.
Some bands had suicide rates more than 100 times higher than the national average whereas other bands had zero WITHIN the First Nation population.
Nonmaterial culture (subjective), by contrast, consists of theideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
Norms, values, beliefs
The abductees taught me that peo-ple go through life trying on belief systems for size. Some of thesebelief systems speak to powerful emotional needs that have littleto do with science—the need to feel less alone in the world, the de-sire to have special powers or abilities, the longing to know thatthere is something out there, something more important thanyou that’s watching over you. Belief in alien abduction is not justbad science. It’s not just an explanation for misfortune and a wayto avoid taking responsibility for personal problems. For manypeople, belief in alien abduction gratifies spiritual hungers. It re-assures them about their place in the universe and their own sig-nificance.
YESSIR
All of the subjects reported that themost traumatic experiences in their lives were abduction-related.This was no surprise. But some of them also reported that theirmost positive life experiences were abduction-related as well
Wow
The contact these people have had with aliens doesn’t just feelreal—it feels transformative.
cloth talk
The common featuresof the alien-abduction stories—the elements of the basic plot—arenot evidence of validity. They are evidence that these stories havebeen contrived out of shared cultural knowledge and shared psy-chological fears, needs, hopes, and limitations
Yesssssir
Not only is it generally unhelpful when you’retrying to retrieve memories of actual events, but it renders yoususceptible to creating false memories—memories of things thatnever happened, things that were suggested to you or that youmerely imagined. If you (or your therapist) have preexisting be-liefs or expectations about “what might come up,” you’re liable torecall experiences that fit with these beliefs, rather than eventsthat actually happened. 4 Worse, neither you nor your therapistwill realize this, because the memories you do retrieve seem very,very real
Major key about hypnosis and its pervasive role in alien abduction stories
Once the seed ofbelief was planted, once alien abduction was even suspected, theabductees began to search for confirmatory evidence. And oncethe search had begun, the evidence almost always showed up.
confirmation bias once again is the key
The possibility that aliens exist, and that they visit the earth,doesn’t seem all that implausible to many people. In fact, it seemsquite probable. According to recent polls conducted in the UnitedStates, about 94 percent of respondents said they thought that in-telligent aliens exist. In a more recent poll, conducted by CNN, 65percent of respondents thought that UFOs had actually visitedEarth. 7
Belief in UFOs and aliens are widely held by the general public.
In short, it appears that coming to believe you’ve beenabducted by aliens is part of an attribution process. Alien-abduc-tion beliefs reflect attempts to explain odd, unusual, and perplex-ing experiences.
belief dependent realism
We search for such ultimate explanations because we arepattern-seeking agent-postulating primates whose brains are wired to findpatterns and agents, even if the patterns are purely natural and the agentsare just the laws of nature or other corporeal beings.
Useful end of chapter summation
Alien-abduction beliefs can be considered a type of religious creed, based on faith, notfacts. Indeed, a vast body of scientific data indicates that the believers arepsychologically benefiting: they’re happier, healthier, and more optimistic about theirlives than people who lack such beliefs.
the parallels between alien-abduction and religion is definitely a topic you can touch on
The bottom line is this: stories of UFOs and alien abductions are far morelikely to be due to known psychological effects of terrestrial beings ratherthan to the unknown physical characteristics of extraterrestrial beings
Ok yeah just say this bruh
And herein lies the problem of understanding the mind in orderto know humanity: our belief systems are structured such that we willalmost always find a way to support what we want to believe. Thus, theoverwhelming desire to believe in something otherworldly—be it mind,spirit, or God—means that we should be especially vigilant in ourskepticism of claims made in these arenas of belief.
Major key
HOW TO LEAVE YOUR BODY
Progressive muscle relaxation, visualization of yourself and a sequence involving multiple senses, concentrating without any lapse in focus
In short, Blackmore’s data suggests that people who experience OBEs aremuch better than others at naturally generating the type of imageryassociated with the experience, and struggle to tell the difference betweenreality and imagination. Put these people in a situation where their bodiesreceive only a small amount of unchanging information about where theyactually are and, just like the people taking part in the dummy hand andvirtual reality experiments, they can end up believing that they are nolonger located inside their bodies.
Another major key distillation
In short, the sense of where you are is not hard-wired into your brain. Instead, it is the result of your brain constantly usinginformation from your senses to come up with a sensible guess. Because ofthis, the sense of ‘you’ being inside your body is subject to change at amoment’s notice.
Major Key
“a functionally integratedmental system to detect conspiracies that in all likelihood has been shapedin an ancestral human environment in which hostile coalitions—that is,conspiracies that truly existed—were a frequent cause of misery, death, andreproductive loss.
Great sentence/distillation of the evolutionary nature of conspiracy
proxy truths and tribal truths.
V important (should definitely bring up in discussion post)
Conspiracy theories are a compensating strategy, inasmuch asthey are simple, clear, discernable, and stable when compared with themessiness, complexity, and (often) obscurity of the real world—and, Imight add, real conspiracies.
Major key
Additional research has corroborated the findings that anxiety,alienation, and feelings of rejection or loss of control are factors inconspiracism.
Important distillation
As Hart and Graether put it
“There is some measure of comfort to be drawn from the notion that life’s ills are (at least sometimes) attributable to hostile agents working in secret, because in that event, at least there is 'theoretically' a solution to one's suffering."
Finally, there is yet another determinant of the false consensuseffect, one that may be the most interesting and may have themost far-reaching consequences. This mechanism involves the reso-lution of ambiguities inherent in most issues, choices, or situations
major major key. the natural dislike and displeasure all humans experience in the face of ambiguity is a crucial factor in why many will come to engage in conspiratorial thinking. While humans do not actively believe that "any meaning is better than no meaning", oftentimes we find ourselves grasping at any explanation for conflicting information.
Publisher and readerhave struck a deal: The stories need not stick to the truth as longas they entertain
Important to mention the "deal" aspect of this believing what we are told. Sometimes there is a mutual agreement between speaker and listener to prioritize entertainment over truthfulness, this is mainly true in politically charged realms. Other times, people truly are getting the wool pulled over their eyes.
Most important,a good story should not burden the listener with too much minutia
a lack of regard for detail in creating "stories" and explanations can lead to more extreme perspectives being taken
either considered too flawed to be relevant, or is redefined into aless damaging category.
The end product of this intense scrutiny is that the contradictory information is either considered too flawed to be relevant or is redefined into a less damaging category.
Important point
Why do gamblers believe, despite all their previous losses, thatsuccess is just around the corner?
norm macdonald joke on gambling:
"Bettor: My god, I had a terrible day today. I lost 15 out of 15 in college football, I lost 8 out of 8 in baseball and I lost 6 out of 6 in soccer. I don’t know what I am going to do.
Friend: Well there’s a hockey game on tonight.
Bettor: I don’t know anything about hockey."
Many of the beliefs we hold are about relationships between twovariables.
Very succinct point
positive agenticity
this is a fascinating concept. I can think of how agenticity can actually be used as a force for good, to harbor stronger connections between people across boundaries.
“feelings of control are essential for our well-being—we thinkclearer and make better decisions when we feel we are in control. Lackingcontrol is highly aversive, and one fundamental way we can bolster oursense of control is to understand what’s going on. So we instinctively seekout patterns to regain control—even if those patterns are illusory.”
Major key
Together, this impressivebody of work showed that the unconscious plays a far bigger role indetermining behaviour than was previously thought.
Basically the crux of the entire chapter; useful for discussion post
In the 1960s a University researcher randomly selecteda young female volunteer, sat her in front of a group and suggested that sheremove her clothes. The professor was horrified to discover his volunteerrapidly starting to unbutton her clothing and quickly called a halt to thedemonstration. It was only later that he discovered that he happened to havechosen a professional stripper as his subject
LMAOOOOOOOOOO
Next, practise using the following three techniques:
Flattery * Tell them what they want to hear; that they are caring, responsible, friendly, polite, and they would also be good at this.*
Double-headed statements * *** Describe them using OCEAN, but stating something and its complete opposite** -- e.g. For Conscientiousness: you value routine in some aspects, but also enjoy being spontaneous and unpredictable
Keep it Vague * Make sure to tell people you sometimes struggle to understand the thoughts and images that cross your mind and that you need their help to figure out what is happening. "I am getting an impression of a significant change... perhaps in a journey of some sort or an upheaval at work?"
Research
Research indicates that 70% to 90% of marketing spending goes to promotions that hit consumers at the “consider” and “buy” stages, yet consumers are often more susceptible to influence postpurchase, at the “evaluate” and “enjoy/advocate/bond” stages.
In craftingyour message, Mike Moser suggests asking yourself the following questions:
Is the core message simple and clear enough?
Does it diffrentiate the brand in the marketplace?
Is it true?
Is it relevant?
Is it consistent with the organization's core values?
Can you be the first to say it?
The term refers to the tendency to look forinformation that only confirms what we believe, to accept facts thatonly strengthen our preferred explanations, and to dismiss data thatchallenge what we already accept as truth.
Confirmation Bias definition
The emperor is depicted
The emperor is depicted exuberantly participating in Hindu festivals such as the spring festival of Holi and is praised, in the proper idiom of Hindu kingship, for the dharmic justness of his rule
If what you mean is the confirmationof a divineattribute, it is noi proper to limit it ro this form becauseinevery religion there are rniracle-workerswho are distin-guished liom other men of their time by their knowledg
"If what you mean is the confirmation of a divine attribute, it is not proper to limit it to this form because every religion there are miracle-workers who are distinguished from other men of their time by their knowledge and power."
At least six distinct but complementary large-scale processes definethe early modern world.
The creation of global sea passages that came to link all of humanity with a transportation network of increasing capacity and efficiency.
The rise of a truly global world economy in which long-distance commerce, growing rapidly, connected expanding economies on every continent.
The growth, around the world, of states and other large-scale complex organizations that attained size, stability, capacity, efficiency, and territorial reach not seen since antiquity, if then.
The doubling of the world population during the early modern centuries (400m in 1500 to 900m in 1800).
The intensified use of land to expand production in numerous episodes of settler frontiers.
The diffusion of several new technologies—the cultivation of New World crops, gunpowder, and printing—and organizational responses to them throughout the early modern world.
Particularly
"Particularly to be noted is Akbar's unusual interest in promoting social, cultural and intellectual contacts with Iran"
From this perspective onemight well term the empire a “patrimonial—bureaucratic” system.!
patriomonial meaning inherited. Inherited-bureaucracy systems that was heavily filled in with a noble/warrior-aristocrat class.
SultanIbrahim’sarmycouldbeseennearby,com~ingquicklywithoutstopping,However,astheycamefartherforwardandourtroopsbecamevisibletothem,theybroketherankstheyhadmaintainedandl,asthoughundecided whethertostandorproceed, wereabletodoneither.Theorderwas givenforthemen whohadbeen assignedtotheflankassaulttocirclearoundtotheenemy'srearfromleftandright,shoottheirarrows,andbegintofight,andfortherightandleftwingstoadvanceandengagetheenemy.
Sultan Ibrahim's army could be seen nearby, coming quickly without stopping. However, as they came farther forward and our troops became visible to them, they broke the ranks they had maintained and, as though undecided whether to stand or proceed, were able to do neither.
The order was given for the men who had been assigned to the flank assault to circle around to the enemy's rear from left and right, shoot their arrows, and begin to fight, and for the right and left wings to advance and engage the enemy... the enemy's right and left flanks were so crowded into one spot that they were not able to go forward or to find a way to escape.
Most of the prisoners were executed as retributive justice.
for what????
Everybody was saying that Ghazi Khan had gathered thir-ty to forty thousand troops and that Dawlat Khan, despite his advanced age,had strapped two swords to his waist, and they were intent upon enjoining bat-tle. The proverb that says, “Ten friends are better than nine” occurred to me.
????
Thereweremanypeopleontheraftwhocouldcomposepoetry, suchasShaykh Abu'l-Wajd, ShaykhZayn,MullaAli-Khan,Turdi BegKhaksar,andsomeothers.DuringthepartythislineofMuhammadSalih’swasquoted:
INTERESTING: Many of Babur's army were also skilled poets
In 910 [1504-05], the year I first came to Kabul, I went through theKhyber to Peshawar intent upon entering Hindustan, but through the machi-nations of Baqi Chaghaniani we marched farther down to Bangash, that is,Kohat, raided much of Afghanistan, plundered Bannu and Dasht, and cameout via Duki.
Babur had quick plans to enter India after arriving in Kabul but was unable to do so
Recent History of Bhera
Bhera is a city and tehsil of Sargodha District, Punjab province of Pakistan
We were determined to gain controlourselves—be it by force or peaceful means—and therefore it behooved usto treat the mountain people well. [22.4] It was ordered that no one was toharm their flocks or herds in any way whatsoever.
Politeness and peace as a strategy for conquering // Babur employing techniques we have already seen...
Introduction
What they do is take a story from a particular cultural group, and present it to the national audience, with the idea that anyone in the national culture could relate. Brings representation of diverse people. (Is this a social good, or exploitative, or both?)
Nike does this all the time; so do alcohol companies like Modelo and Budweiser
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Hinduism/India: Diwali
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Observable: Practices, Inferences: values, norms, shared consciousness, emotions, mood of subculture
This study compared SPACE to CBT in a noninferiority trial
methodology
no studies have compared the efficacy of stand-alone parent-based treatment to CBT. Research implicatesfamily accommodation in the maintenance and course of childhood anxiety.
research question
A canted frame is framing that is notlevel, creating an unbalanced appearance.
can be used to show imbalance, terror, strangeness ---- off-kilter, unnerving feelings
Turner saw disruptive political events, like May in France, as liminal, antistructural situations in which social values and structures can be remade
relate to structural adjustment (a concept tied to restraint, austerity) - the antithesis of disruptive political events in Bolivia and France
“little more than a register of her encounter with power”
the idea of history and the study of "what we know of" things (epistomology etc.) amounts to how much someone registers their encounters with power is cool.
Although some artists argue fortheir construction of "true tarab." others discount tarab altogether as an im-pediment to social modernization and cultural modernity in Syria. Hence, de-bates about musical authenticity and the appropriateness of tarab expressbroader concerns among Syrian artists and intellectuals with the question ofmodernity and the future of the Syrian and Arab nation.
talking about temporality ---- the past vs. the future ----
Herein lies the value and im-portance for the state of promoting its national "folklore" and "classical tradi-tions" in constructing an official rendition of Syrian national culture. Musiccomes to occupy a prominent role in state-sponsored and -patronized culturalproductions, for example, through musical celebrations of the founding of theBa'ath Party or the anniversary of the Great Corrective Movement (al-Harakaal-Tashihiyya al-Majida)—Hafiz al-Assad's coup. I
Tarab music is so volatile and emotional that elites refuse to let it work in a world where these must be separated from political life and infrastructure.
delimits the lis-tener" s sentential and sensual awareness of musical phrases. It creates a dis-juneture in the flow of performance, which itself marks a disjuncture from eve-ryday time
this temporal suspension is like when you can hear every 'instrument' or part in the song individually as the song moves
the true artist was someone in close touch with nature and more immediately responsive to sensation than the majority of people. To be ‘original’ was to offer a (relatively) faithful representation of the material origins of perception and experience in the actual world.
changing what constituted a 'true artist' --> moving from technique to originality || from strength clarity into strength in impression and emotion