weal
Does this correspond to the definition as a red or swollen mark on the skin?
weal
Does this correspond to the definition as a red or swollen mark on the skin?
remote and fertile of which
Equiano describes his home as fertile here most likely to convince the reader of why the English people would want to take from here. The fertility could also be a metaphor, for not just the vegetation, but the resources that this location provides including the people to be enslaved.
Eboe
So do Eboe and Igbo refer to the same thing? These two words seem to be fluid as they refer to Equiano's homeland or his culture. I am not quite sure which of these each word refer to but I understand that they are similar as they are commonly used to describe Equiano's past.
My Lords and Gentlemen,
This particular address to "lords and gentlemen" proves that Equiano's targeted audience was literate people or political leaders which I am guessing were white English people. This also proves that the narratives were created to convince this particular audience in relation to the inhumanity of slavery in regards to the dispute about the institutional slavery throughout England during this particular period of time.
Narrative
I find this particular story very interesting. The use of Equiano's point of view allows the reader to really experience what he went through as a slave. The detailed imagery allows Equiano to target the reader's empathy as the conditions of slave ships and mistreatment were so inhumane. The use of the narrative created a sense of credibility, or ethos within the story to help strengthen Equiano's argument that slavery was morally wrong. He successfully targeted British political leaders through his writing.
most submissive manner,
He has adapted to his role as a slave.
I could easily free myself;
This part is interesting to me because this proves that the man is a slave. In relation to this particular context he was also outnumbered as the owners of these "slaves" were like the size of an "army" so the odds were against him in relation to his desire to escape. I guess these slaves were used as part of the army in the story. This also relates to the historical reference to early Britain.
with a violent pull, which gave me excessive pain,
The abuse depicted in this particular scene shows the mistreatment of the laborers. This seems like a modern day political move to convince the reader that the way these people are treated is wrong. I find this interesting because early Britain seemed to favor the wealthy or their government in relation to the themes of these stories.
I attempted to rise, but was not able to stir
This adds to the theme of suffering in the story. Because of this theme, the reader is able to be striken with emotion while reading this story. The author seems to be empathetic to the laborers at the time as he is showing the story specifically in the perspective of the less fortunate.
being already spent with labor
This part of the story shows the struggles that the characters are going through. This is also relevant to the British history in relation to the context as laborers were mistreated. I am not sure if the labor is a reflection of abuse in the specific part of the story but the depicted environment may reveal the mistreatment of these characters with harsh living conditions.
she was much loved by the people
In relation to the English culture the love of the Queen seems very common. The people of England may even often be stereotyped as being lovers with high respect in relation to the monarchy. This idea seems odd, when looking through my personal perspective as being an American. Our government is VERY controversial even throughout history. This just shows the historical difference between America and Britain, even in relation to modern society.
pulling off her garters
This part makes me very uncomfortable because of the humiliation and suffering she went through here. In relation to the context, the description here is described very metaphorically. This allows the language and tone of the reading to be very dramatic while tying to the theme of religion.
So perish all the Queen’s enemies
This statement by Mr. Dean shows his support for the Queen. The "perish" of her enemies has a religious undertone in relation to the word "perish". In relation to this particular context, Mr. Dean also mentions the "Gospel's enemies" which allows him to express his belief of the religion and his country. This is interesting to me as well.
aloud this Psalm in Latin,
The Latin language and culture often seems to correlate with the Catholic religion. I personally do not know why this is, but there must be a historical relevance to this. This allows the cultures to have similarity with the help of religion, the unifying factor here. The book of Psalm uses song and hymn in the bible. This may be an important fact to also remember for the rest of the reading as this style may be used throughout the rest.
gridir’ns
What does this translate to or could be defined as?
Death doth roast with fevers burning ho
The correlation between the symbol of death and heat shows a theme relating to hell. Hell and heat or fire seems to always go together. This introduces the theme of hell or death in the story.
valiant
This is showing bravery or courage. In this context, the diction used throughout this part of the story seems to reflect terminology that relates to the theme of war.
Tis like to witchcraft,
I am unsure if this story favors a witchcraft them or more religious. This line could just be using witchcraft as a comparison or a contrast to the ideas of religion. Religion and witchcraft do not go together as witchcraft is commonly seen as "sinful" or a contradiction to religious beliefs. Both of these seems common in these early works of English literature.
cent, That by their nose they traced what way he went,
These lines have a rhyme structure. At the end of each line in this stanza, rhymes with the next, in pairs. This shows the author's style as he has included the rhyme for a reason. But what reason?
Wipe off my tears with handkerchiefs of praise.
The tears being wiped off are being cured by "praise". This figuratively means that the praise her receives allows his sorrows to go away. This could express the character's ego or possibly his desire to please people or be popular. This could reflect the personality of the speaker through this metaphor in this line.
they spent 15 years in exile,
They were forced to live outside of their country. The must have done something to force them out by the government. In the context, their debts forced them out.
May take the more delight to looke upon her:
The character seems to be starstruck of the alyssa here. The "delight to looke upon her" suggests that the character is very honored and in shock to be in the presence of the alyssa, who is well respected in context and with the support of the language of the story. This shows the historical influence that the monarchy had on their subjects in relation to this particular setting.
Behold, great Queene
The alyssa is perceived as superior and HIGHLY respected with the support of the language in this particular line. The character refers to her very formally therefore expressing the highest-respect to her. This is also a reflection to the setting of the story with the classic formal language and the monarchy that ruled in England.
since my wealth within his Region stands,
In regards to this context, this expresses the character's passionate belief in his religion. The "wealth" symbolizes his passion and faith that he has an abundance of. This description reveals a religious theme that is very common to the works we have been reading. I am not sure what religion in particular that the character is referring to her though.
Yet tooke our flesh in base and meanest berth:
I am not quite sure what this statement translates to, but in regards to the context this could mean that the people give their bodies to the monarch. The mention of "flesh" her seems very intense to me as this is a gruesome metaphor. This shows the desperation and strong symbol of the people in this line. This could also have a religious undertone here as flesh could compare to Jesus's body and sacrifice.
Mariners,
This name, "Mariners", is odd to me. This sounds like they are referring to a group of people with the plural, but I guess this is the name of a character. This just seems like an odd name.
whoreson, insolent noisemaker
Antonio is name-calling here. This is like cussing in the modern age. These are some pretty low blows here. They are looking down on another character. The disrespect here shows that the character they are referring to is looked down upon, in this particular context.
blasphemous
Blasphemy can be defined as talking bad about something or someone. This brings a negative associate to something or someone. In this context, the blasphemy is being associated with another character as they are calling him names here.
Re-enter Boatswain.
I feel that stage directions makes the story, as a whole, easier to understand. I can easily visualize the character's actions and the settings described. This makes the story more vivid as in the modern era, movies and media are favored over literature.
Cheerly, good hearts!
This statement shows that the characters are positive here or cheerful. They must enjoy serving or they are putting on a front. This gives the character's a personality in the story rather them being bland and miserable.
whom thou hast aboard.
This in my opinion, translates to who is aboard. I am not quite sure though.
Where’s the master?
This shows that these particular characters, in context, are laborers to a master. I am not sure if they are slaves indentured servants, or just workers here. This also shows that they are of the lower class in contrast to the "master".
SCHOLAR
Where do the scholars come from? Does this mean they are students of some sorts?
Valdes
This name is rooted as an Old French name. This name also represents the word "joyful". This meaning expresses the history and a possible theme of the story along with the setting,
made all Europe honour him.
This seems to express a sense of ego here. This statement specifically shows this superiority in relation to this character. I am not sure if this is correct, but the statement could represent a different meaning in contrast to the idea of ego.
ne’er
Does this term translate to never? In relation to the context this seems to be fitting.
institute,
The mention of the "institute" here also further hints towards the theme of knowledge. This theme will allow new ideas and a shift from the previous traditional themes for British Literature.
discovered in his study
I believe this shows that Faustus is a character who has a major role in knowledge. This introduces elements of knowledge and possible education to the story. The idea of the "studies" here hints that this character is a philosopher or an ideologic figure. This is interesting to me because the previous Anglo-Saxon literature in this course has evolved around religion. This is an opportunity to shift to a more scientific theme for these stories.
CHORUS.
The stage directions here allow the story to have a more visual illustration of the actions of the characters. This is the first play-like piece of literature I have seen in a while. This will allow the voice, language, and actions to be generally easier to understand.
Fellowship
What does this refer to here in this context?
The time passeth;
This is another use pattern for figurative language here. The patterns and repetition of the term "passeth" is used consistently to highlight the theme of time in the story. "Passeth" shows that there is limited and dwindling as the narrator is speaking to god here.
How shall I do now for to excuse me?
The use of the rhetorical question here allows the narrator to show his need for forgiveness. This speaks to the religious theme of the story. The plead and voice to god was most likely considered powerful at the time this was written.
Nay, nay;
I have never seen the term "nay" used before. In relation to the context, I assume this means no. This jargon is a reflection of the traditional language used at the time and setting this story was written.
God thou shalt answer,
This part shows how ideology was rooted by relying on god which is common for Anglo-Saxon literature as a result of the time period of the story.
Everyman. Why askst thou?
This pattern here allows the figurative language to highlight the themes of "death" as well as "everyman' within the story. The questions and responses used here give power to the message.
Everyman living without fear.
I am not sure if this line is metaphoric or has a direct meaning. If this has a direct meaning, then this reminds me of American philosophy, like land of the free. I am also not sure who "everyman" is referred to as throughout this story.
perceive here in my majesty,
This shows the formal style if the language within the story. This statement is very formal.
glutton
Does glutton refer to greed in relation to food, drinking, or general meaning in this context?
!
Statements like this with the ending explanation mark successfully include voice and tone of excitement and announcing to the story or the reader.
gluttony
"Gluttony" is one of the sins in relation to Catholicism and Christianity. This shows the theme of religion in this c context.
when a wretch in madness fallen
The "drunkenness" mentioned here, in context, is used as a conflict of creating chaos in the story. The men are shown to be sinful in this part of the story. The man seems to have "gluttony" as well as "madness" which can be perceived as sinful.
devil’s temple, wicked wise,
This mention of the "devil" relates to the story's theme of religion. The darkness symbolized here, in context, allows the story to have conflict with the support of the religious symbolism.
Now hold your peace! My tale I will begin
This is an interesting statement or introduction that the narrator uses. This seems untraditional in comparison to the other piece of British Literature. This adds a unique voice to the story.
Think you that because I’m good at preaching
This character in particular seems very convincing. This statement relates to the theme of religion as well as the characters' quality of persuasion. in this context, the narrator understands the truth in this as he is able to "preach" in the story or be a major voice in this scene.
show my pardons, all and some.
These pardons show that the character has earned forgiveness for his sins by the church.
indulgences
Indulgences were a way for churches to make money and this is usually associated with the Catholic Church.
lovely lady
This shows how the woman is considered as. By being a "lovely lady" the woman is considered as "polite" or "well-mannered" most likely.
rich and of a higher birth,
This relates to the theme that being born of higher class allows the woman to be considered of higher class as well. Having a family with good money makes you be considered as royalty in a way.
gay?
Gay in this context refers to happiness. I find it interesting how using the word gay in modern time has such a completely different meaning in contrast to this context during later time periods.
bring me fine things from the fair.
Are they buying here affection here? They seem to be using material items to impress her.
The bacon was not brought them home
Does this refer to the saying "bringing home the bacon"? This describes how the men were not bringing home an income. This could also have the meaning of the men not being lured home. I am not quite sure what this particular meaning in context is.
And as I may drink ever wine and ale,
The alcohol could cause the woman to tell the truth. This also shows her class.
I will tell truth of husbands that I’ve had,
The woman has been lying to her husbands? She has kept the truth from her husbands.
Beware of it before you too near approach
This is a warning for the examples below.
we do not God displease
This refers to sinning. "Do not God displease" can be translated as not letting god down, aka, not sinning.
For peril ’tis fire and tow to assemble
"Peril" relates to danger, and in this context.
Opening pa
Historiated initials, like the "e" shown above on the writing was a common style of lettering for the beginning initials in literature as an artistic expression. This lettering brings a particular elevated style for the time period in relation to the British Literature.
O Venus
Does this refer to Greek mythology or astronomy. I don't understand this symbolism of "Venus". Venus can be used as a symbol of beauty or vanity, but I am not sure about this meaning for this particular context.
For God’s love,
A common appearance of religion for British Literature found here.
noble city filled his eye, And, too, the garden
The "city" and "garden" seem to be contradictory. Does this have contextual meaning or figurative? The "city" and "garden" symbolize two different meanings.
Bright was the sun and clear that morn in spring,
This particular setting is joyful. The symbol of light can lead to foreshadowing in the scene or can be a representation of the story in relation to the symbolism of the nature illustrated here.
Clothed, she was sweeter than any flower that blows;
This is a description of her beauty. This metaphor illustrates her feminine features and purity. The symbol of "flower" commonly attributes to being delicate, pretty, and gentle. This illustrates the woman's features.
Dwellen
Does "dwellen" compare to the word "dwell"?
busy pillagers
A pillager is someone who takes treasure with violence, or against will. In this context, the "busy pillagers" stripped the people of their armor.
sister Emil
Is this the first time this particular character is being introduced?
pitous,
This can be used as a synonym for character in British Literature.
I wrecche, which that wepe and waille
This seems like sorrowful context. The woman seems to also be expressing her struggles and pain in relation to her emotion.
ladyes, tweye and tweye,
What does "tweye" mean in this context?
chivalry
This is a common theme for British Literature. The honor and bravery of "Knight's" is a common characteristic of these stories. This allows the story to have frequent heroic elements and the character's to be noble.
save that you shall secure me, say,
This alliteration gives the character an aristocratic tone. This also adds on more personality to the character.
‘By God,
This is another common theme of religion for British Literature. Religion is not as prevalent in this particular story as royalty is. This allows the story to be more easily classified for this time period.
dismayed by mighty blows
Does the term "mighty blows" refer to physical action against them or something else?
then fiercely the other fellow on foot alighted.
This successfully describes the two stepping forward in the scene. This allows the writer to paint the scene for the reader.
cleared his throat full richly
This also illustrates the character as being masculine. This allows the reader to visualize the burliness of the man before he speaks.
quoth
like 'quoted'?
Such a man on a mount, such a giant that rides,
This is another common theme throughout Anglo-Saxon literature. The cliche of the "brave knight riding his horse" seems to be common throughout these stories. This allows the characteristic of bravery and masculinity as well as the obvious heroism.
precious stones
wealth
bright green
common theme of green even with the outfit.
his body was strong,
The description shows the mans figure to be masculine.
good beer and bright wine
The drinks set the tone of the atmosphere for this scene. the "good beer' shows the lively side of the scene while the "bright wine" can establish a higher class element.
barons
Term for nobility. This establishes ranks of honor or having the highest honor in this particular context.
king was come with knights into the hall
This sets an image of assistance and protection by the knights. Are the two (knights and king) associated with one another throughout the rest of the story?
hospitable castle
a warming setting and contradictory to the "midst of a harsh winter" part of the same sentence.
white ivory
This is an expensive material that represents wealth.
A green path led through the deep forest to the plain,
The setting is described here as lush with greenery as there is bountiful scenery described here to make the land seem more "majestic" in the story.
deeds the good knight returned to his own land
This is a common theme in Anglo-Saxon literature. The nobility of a knight is shown here and the mention of "his own land" shows the crucial role of knights. This contributes to the knight's characterization as conceiving the cliche attributes of a brave warrior.
since of love he took no care
The knight seems to show no interest in any woman. This is described here as he plays hard to get. This causes the other men to look down on him while finding him odd. The knight seems to show interest in no one as illustrated in this description.
hey, are like mad dogs—cowardly and felon
This simile describes the "fellows" as wimps who bring down better people. This sets the tone for them as being weak criminals "like mad dogs".
Hearken
to listen
most noble and courteous King
King's in Anglo-Saxon literature seemed to be depicted as honorable and brave. This is a result of the romanticization during this particular time period.
unwearied in labour
This means labor where there is a lack of exhaustion. This description is used to describe the "philosophers" in relation to the "truth" described.
flowers mingle with the fruit upon the branch.
This metaphor illustrates that the beauty is complicated and chaotic. This could represent a particular character or the general statement before in the prologue.
King Henry II
King Henry II began reign over England in 1154 until he passed away in 1189. He was well-known for being the first king of the House of Plantagenet.
hearth
A fireplace without an oven that was typically made of stone. These were traditionally used for cooking.
Geats
A Northern Germanic Tribe also known as the "goths". This tribe was prevalent during the Middle Ages.
Ecgtheow.
Is this a new character being introduced?
appear well-born
This in context shows the system of being born from a "good family" is considered in terms of class during this time period as well as the setting of the story.
Hrothgar
A king from the early sixth century CE. This king was Danish who was also a character in Widsith.
Wheeled on his horse
This statement paints a very noble image of the character as he stands tall on his horse.
misty moors
"Misty moors" are a common landscape in England with grassland-like forests, and in this case are misty. In this context, the landscape described provides an eery image for the reader.
counsellor
"Counsellor" has the same meaning as the word "counselor in english, but with British spelling.
to see how the Ring-Danes Were settling into it after their drink,
This would be a good time for Grendel to "attack" because the "Ring-Danes" were drinking and most likely in a vulnerable state.
80
What is the importance of including numbers like this throughout the story? The significance seems to make the story more realistic with the use of "real" quantities that may have applied in relation to this setting.
Far and wide through the world, I have heard, Orders for work to adorn
Who does the "I" reference in this context? This statement seems to be referring to the commonality of the "orders for work to adorn" like gossip during this time period.
the Danes
The Danes were a Germanic Tribe rooted in southern Scandinavia during the Viking time period.
Alas the bright goblet! Alas the mailed warrior! Alas the pride of princes!
The "alas" and explanation marks in these line show the heroism of the narrator.
grey wolf
symbolizes loyalty, being alone, and trusting of instinct.
deprived of joys, his peerage all perished,
This shows the root of the man's sorrow, losing his peers.
often wretched, deprived of my homeland,
This context shows that the man's home was taken away from him abruptly.
mindful of miseries, slaughter of the wrathful, crumbling of kinsmen:
The "mindful of miseries" represents the narrator's traumatic memories. The "slaughter of the wrathful" is the murdering of his people while "crumbling of kinsmen" means the fall of his family.
Exile was one of the most tragic fates that Anglo-Saxon men or women could imagine, due to the relationship between vassals and their lords during this period.
This is a common theme throughout "The Wanderer."