Reflection: This historical point of view emphasizes the danger of disregard of ecological boundaries. In my career concern on sustainable development, it reminds me that policies or projects should not only look at short-term benefits of extracting resources or generating financial benefits without looking at the environmental effects on the long-term. It supports the role of considering ecological and social aspects when planning.

Question : What can environmental managers do in terms of practice to incorporate systems thinking and transdisciplinary methodologies into the current programs that are already organized on the basis of traditional, single-discipline models?

Explanation: Resilience in SES refers not only to ecosystems recovering from events like wildfires but also to social systems adapting to environmental changes. For example, communities adjusting agricultural practices in response to prolonged droughts demonstrate social-ecological resilience.

Connection: This is what is similar to the urban climate adaptation planning in which city planners, ecologists, engineers, and social scientists should collaborate in establishing infrastructure that can withstand floods. It demonstrates the ways in which SES and transdisciplinary solutions can be used in practical environmental issues through integrating knowledge based on the discipline.

comment on key idea : It is an essential concept when it comes to the point that the ecological knowledge should be intertwined with social, economic, and policy-makers to resolve contemporary environmental issues. SES science offers a pattern in solving complex, interrelated problems instead of considering either ecological or social problems as a solitary problem.