1618 American Journal of Botany 101 ( 10 ): 1618 – 1630 , 2014 ; http://www.amjbot.org/ © 2014 Botanical Society of America American Journal of Botany 101 ( 10 ): 1618 – 1630 , 2014 . Effects of recent historical land use (~50–150 yr ago) on natural systems have received signifi cant attention, especially in diverse tropical forests where slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and monoculture industrial agriculture have created huge areas of secondary forests

ROSSETAL.—ECOLOGICALBASELINESFORDETECTINGSELECTIONLEGACIES1621October 2014]the species is now viewed as a rare, weedy, wild fruit tree that is known primarily by hobbyists and wild harvesters. When Europeans arrived in North America, they discovered the sweet, custard-like fruits of American persimmon described in the earliest published book by an English colonist as “lushious sweet”

. However, while the infl uence of artifi cial selection via land management on the evolution of pe-rennial tree species has been identifi ed

Long-term ecological impacts of human selection may last for centuries after management ends, yet little work has focused on lega-cies in the evolution of historically used trees.

major hurdle in historical ecological research is separating anthropogenic from edaphic factors

he ANOSIM analysis examines similarity in overall species composition; however, to consider the role of Maya forest garden species, a similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis was used. SIMPER

lots show that sampling effort was sufficient to account for the tree diversity of the forests around El Pilar

Diana D. Jolles

a single leaf from a homologous position on each individual for comparison across all individuals/taxa. Leaves were collected only from individuals that were flowering or past flowering to ensure that leaves were fully developed at the time of sampling.

“true tree”, and morphological data are increasingly used in the con-text of molecular- based hypotheses as post- hoc assessments of char-acter evolution

lore the assoc

Morphospaces are mathematicalabstractions, based on the researcher’s choice of the number andtype of characters, and on the (metric) quantification ofmorphological similarity. Careful interpretations of suchbroad-scale analyses may lead to a more comprehensiveunderstanding of the driving forces and constraints that haveacted on floral evolution throughout different parts of theangiosperms’ phylogeny

Morphospaces have been used in studies on pollinationsyndromes in three main ways. (1) As tools for describingpollination systems, that is, identifying the floral traits associatedwith various pollen vectors

These complementary fields provide us with a wealth of data andhypotheses to study the evolutionary history of flowers andvegetative structure of angiosperms

The opium poppy is one of the earliest known andpersistently used medicinal plants

nal-trexone

These addictive but medicinally potent meta-bolites occur at high concentrations in opium poppy.

we compared thesequence similarity of the predicted proteomes of CHM,HN1, and 12 other representative angiosperm speciesusing OrthoMCL20(Fig.3a). In total, we found 39,926gene families, among which 6696 were shared among the14 species and 35 single-copy orthologous gene families ineach species

apaveracea

Theopiumpoppy is mostly grown to extract thebaine, thefirst penta-cyclic morphinan alkaloid3, which is then used as a sub-strate to create natural (codeine and morphine)

Oryza sativa Indica Group

The genomic resources of medicinal plants are impor-tant for molecular phylogeny and phylogenomics-basedanalysis in order to predict chemo-diversity and bio-prospecting to discover important natural-product-baseddrugs

This initiates a process of readjustmentwith the activation of key regulators,

Understanding the mechanism ofperfecting imperfect secondary metabolism through evolu-tion could be the next big discovery that we may achievethrough rapidly growing omics analysis across differentplant species.

These metabolites arebelieved to be the core strategy used by plants to adaptand survive in different ecological niches and environmen-tal conditions as well as to counter biotic invasions in theirhabitat

We used the computer programINESTto estimate the frequency of null alleles ateach of the four loci (Chybicki and Burczyk, 2009). Unlike other approaches,which assume random mating to estimate the prevalence of null alleles,

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of post-glacialcolonization and contemporary processes on population geneticdiversity and structure of the rare orchid

Wefollowed several steps to generate sufficiently well-resolved phylogenies of flowering plants and theirpollinators. First, to ensure all species identificationswere up to date,

Nevertheless, even a weak cophylogeneticsignal between angiosperms and their pollinators (i.e., attaxonomic scales above the species level) would provideimportant evidence that coupled evolution between taxais an important correlate of their tendency to interact.

A cophylogenetic signalsuggests that contemporary ecological associationsamong species are the product of coupled evolutionaryhistory

community of native and non-native bees that are colonial, eusocial, or have multiple broods per year.

Recently documented declines in pollinator populations threaten the resilience of ecosystems, societies, and economies

For this study, I define specialist bees as those that restrict their pollen forag-ing to only 1 host-plant family (Cane and Sipes 2006, Robertson 1925). In reality, most specialist-bee records are associated with 1 host-plant genus or species. We defined northeastern natives as specialist bees that are indigenous to Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, or Vermont without hu-man intervention.

The Northeast is an ecologically diverse region within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome that belongs to the North American Atlantic Geo-botanical Region