The destruction of cultural property and raids on privileged households was limited to the early days of the Cultural Revolution.

The Cultural Revolution36 Some of the mindless violence of the early Cultural Revolution flowed from the fact that the country had apparently been turned over to gangs of high school student

However theatrical the gestures of China’s leaders, no one should imagine that Mao snapped his fingers and called up the Cultural Revolution from thin air.

33 “Politics in Command” One aspect of self-restraint in the Mao celebration seems odd to Westerners. Chinese carefully avoided the formulation “Maoism (Maozhuyi).” Although Maoism and Maoist seem to capture the spirit of the times, Chinese avoided them in favor of the much clumsier

At the conclusion of one Cultural Revolution song-and-dance show in Xi’an, the performers were presented with a plaster bust of Mao

People believed that his acts were motivated for the good of China, the revolution, and socialism

red ink

There has never been any saviour of the world, Nor deities, nor emperors on which to depend. To create Mankind’s happiness We must entirely depend on ourselves!

The four-volume Complete Works was a popular award presentation item for model workers and

by helicopter”

The practice originated in the great land reform campaigns that accompanied the revolution, when the Party needed to be sure who was a landlord and who was a landless peasant, so that it could confiscate resources from one group to bestow to the other

Second, the Party frequently turned to extra-bureaucratic techniques, especially mass campaigns that were organized outside the normal government departments, mobilizing officials, activists, and ordinary citizens to achieve a specific goal.

Communist Party ruled without serious challenge

applied to veteran Communists who strayed from the Maoist path.

Socialist Education Campaign,

isease and malnutrition resulted in perhaps twenty million to thirty million deaths in 1960–61, the greatest famine of the twentieth century

its labor power.

The first important sign of indecision among Communist Party leaders came with the Hundred Flowers campaign of 1956–5

But Mao also argued that higher artistic standards would create more persuasive propaganda

The Cultural Revolution6 The new Communist Party, profoundly influenced by the May Fourth movement, early emphasized cultural transformation. But after Mao Zedong’s 1935 ascendency as Party leader culture occupied a new and central strategic role.

modernizing intellectuals led the May Fourth movement of 1919

Taiping Rebellion of the mid-nineteenth century, the bloodiest effort to overthrow the weak and corrupt Qing Dynasty, which finally fell in 1911

The Cultural Revolution and its subsequent anti-leftist purge battered China’s bureaucracy so severely that there was little cogent questioning of policies that turned the nation into a vast workhouse for the world’s globalized industry.

have little interest in examining the link between Maoist China and the country today.

Future research should provide a more complete understandingof the appeal of contemporary protesting artists

The data used for this study covered a period in which PussyRiot appeared in several media outlets and therefore our resultsdemand some caution

The two tweets above, in which Topic 8 is most prevalent,at first sight do not seem unrelated. The first one involves adiscussion on ambassadors and the political relations betweenRussia and the United States and remains mostly observational.The second one jokingly refers to Mitt Romney at a 2012 pres-idential debate when Romney was asked about gender inequal-ity. Thus, both involve politics without readily engaging withthe key issues that are central to Pussy Riot.

Topic 3 involves the critique Pussy Riot uttered towardsPutin on the Colbert Report as a ‘shirtless man on a horse’they do not want to lead them into Russia’s future

By look-ing at prevailing words in their semantic contexts rather thansolely looking at isolated hashtags, we can more readily assessthe hidden themes that arise from this body of tweets

To measure the ways in which cosmopolitanism is performedin tweets, two modes of analysis were chosen

Western values such as human rights and freedom of speech.

‘citizens of the world

Pussy Riot’s explicit political advocacy possibly gains sub-stantial attention by affording the performance of cosmopolitanismon the part of Western audiences

global citizenship

often did not enjoy interna-tional or even national fame prior to their political advocacy

Through an analy-sis of Twitter data, we will explore how Western audiencestalk about Pussy Riot and subsequently analyze in what ways acosmopolitan self is performed through tweets

Third, they often experience severe criticism or evenlegal repercussions within their own country, while receivingbroad support from international media outlets

Second, they explicitly challenge and criticizethe practices of domestic political institutions

witter users predominantly talk about Pussy Riot’s mediaappearances rather than readily engage with its explicit political advocacy

Although such harsh realities are hard to swallow, preventative measures such as blackouts, rationing, and keeping secrets allowed for America’s successes during the war.

As a result, it is currently considered one of the most iconic wartime propaganda images in America.

As a result, the classic depiction of Rosie that is so well-loved today was not widely known of during the war and became better known almost three decades later, in the early- to mid-1980s.

Although

For example, the image accompanying the song “Children of Freedom” shows four smiling kids waving flags from America, Russia, China, and Britain.

“In a sense, every photograph is a piece of propaganda” (Steiner).

Over the course of the war, PM’s Weekly released a plethora of articles on German media.

oth at home and abroad, propaganda played an important role in shaping the public opinion and knowledge of the masses, a phenomenon that also diffused into the mediums of photograph and newspape

and its pervasiveness serves mainly to demonstrate the desperation of the time from every side of the war.

Propaganda, though, hardly existed as a solely American phenomenon

When one considers the bubbly and innocent target audience–children–juxtaposed with war’s harsh realities, the resulting cognitive dissonance conjures a sense of unease, particularly when observed from a modern perspective.

This ominous tone, already seemingly inappropriate for the intended audience, becomes even more unsettling when paired with the following lyric:

In “Rosie the Riveter,” this message is achieved through uplifting lyrics, as the Four Vagabonds proclaim that Rosie “can do more than a male can do” and that she is keeping her Marine boyfriend safe by working for the war effort.

contributing to the war effort was vital and the patriotic duty of American citizens.

With its blend of musical and visual rhetoric, the piece brought forth a successful brand of propaganda that seems eerie when divorced from the context of war paranoia.

as psychological warfare in the form of propaganda played a huge role in the political culture of the era

Within its pages, Win-The-War-Ballads includes numerous individual songs, each with a different message regarding the ways in which children and their families can bolster the war effort on the homefront.

artists produced a veritable flood of patriotic music in order to support the efforts both of the American soldiers and of the civilians, particularly women and children