Moreover, when mosquito parasitism is intense, many birds leave the cliffs before they succumb, exposing their eggs to predation by gulls. Simultaneously, because of the earlier disappearance of sea ice in northern Hudson Bay, polar bears have been forced to come ashore earlier and in poorer condition (Stirling et al., 1999, Regehr et al., 2007). This change has led them to exploit unusual food resources, especially birds and their eggs and nestlings (e.g., Rockwell and Gormezano, 2009; Smith et al., 2010; Rockwell et al., 2011).

Although the biological consequences of climate change have recently received much attention (Cheung et al., 2009; Chin et al., 2010; Ji et al., 2010; Jiguet et al., 2010; McMahon et al., 2011), they are generally acknowledged to be less predictable than the physical consequences

Nocturnal organisms may respond directly to changes in lunar illumination as the moon cycles through the phases; they can also anticipate changes that accompany the lunar cycle by means of an endogenous oscillator (“clock”) synchronized to the ∼29.5 day circalunar rhythm (Raible et al., 2017). The primary environmental cues that change with the lunar cycle are moonlight intensity and tidal force (Andreatta & Tessmar-Raible, 2020), and these cues (or ‘zeitgebers’) act on endogenous oscillators to regulate biological processes such as mating, feeding, activity, predator avoidance, and many others

Current evidence indicates that 69% of mammals are nocturnal, with only 20% of mammals displaying a diurnal activity pattern

These clonal studies demonstrate the existence of heritability for pCO2-related traits, but only in the broad sense, meaning they include heritable plastic, epigenetic, or genetic components of variation in pCO2 responses.

Although we use ocean acidification as a case study, the methods reviewed are equally applicable to other aspects of ocean change and we highlight the utility of considering multiple drivers simultaneously (see [10] and [11] for reviews that focus on broader aspects of ocean change).

All snails were collected in September 2016, although the “Crab” ecotype sampled from Silleiro had a small proportion of gravid females and a second sampling of the same micro-habitat was carried out in March 2017.

Therefore, it would be highly informative to compare PST and QST in a system where both can be directly measured, so that the mechanisms behind their relationship can be revealed and provide valuable evidence for the causes shaping the phenotypic/genetic variation, or even testing the utility of PST as a general proxy for QST in a particular species.

Previous studies have shown that the loss of a biogenic habitat in an ecosystem can be functionally replaced (or the loss of function is slowed to some extent) by another habitat-forming organism (Nagelkerken et al., 2016; Sunday et al., 2017).

For example, under acidification, fleshy seaweeds outcompete calcareous species

Molluscs actively chose to colonise T. hirsuta and actively avoided M. galloprovincialis, regardless of warming or pCO2 levels (Table 1).

The native mussel T. hirsuta grew more under warming (Fig. 1; ANOVA Species × Temperature F1,32 = 6.13, P < 0.05; Supplementary Table 2). In contrast, M. galloprovincialis grew the same at ambient and elevated temperatures (Fig. 1; Supplementary Table 2). There was no effect of elevated pCO2 on growth in either of the mussel species (ANOVA CO2 F1,32 = 0.53, P > 0.05; Supplementary Table 2).