Low Band (Sub-1 GHz) - Covers a wide area, including cities, suburbs, and rural areas. - Good for IoT devices and deep indoor coverage. - Speed is lower: up to ~100 MB/s.

Mid Band (1–6 GHz) - Balances speed and coverage. - Includes frequencies like 3.3–3.8 GHz, 1800 MHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.6 GHz. - Wireless speed is 5–10 times faster than 4G. - This is usually the first spectrum sold in auctions.

High Band (Above 6 GHz, e.g., 26 GHz) - Extremely fast and low-latency (up to ~1 GB/s). - Covers short distances only. - Enables advanced services like vehicle-to-vehicle communication and remote surgery.

In short: low band = wide coverage, mid band = good mix, high band = super fast but short range

Market Share by Subscribers

• Shows the percentage of total customers in a market (Consumer, Enterprise, SMB) that use your service.
• Example: If 1 million people use your network out of 10 million total users, your market share = 10%. Helps track how competitive your company is.

Total Revenues - The total money earned from all services sold in each market (Consumer, Enterprise, SMB). - Higher revenue usually means more sales or higher-paying customers.

Customer Satisfaction (NPS – Net Promoter Score) - Measures how happy customers are and whether they would recommend your service. - NPS ranges from -100 to +100; higher = more satisfied and loyal customers.

Free Cash Flow - Money left after paying for: Capex (capital investments, like network upgrades) Opex (operating costs, like salaries, maintenance) - Formula: Free Cash Flow = Revenues – Capex – Opex - Shows how much cash the company can use freely, e.g., to pay debts or invest.

Cumulative Profits - Total profits accumulated over time from all markets. - Helps see overall financial health and growth of the business

resistant or skeptical about new technology. They may prefer traditional ways of working and adopt digital services only when they have no choice

use digital tools because they are useful, not because they’re new or trendy.

EFFICIENCY

VALUE OF WORK REMAINING

COST SLOPE = (CRASH COST - NORMAL COST) / (NORMAL TIME - CRASH TIME)

Quality Management Plan

The Quality Management Plan defines how quality will be managed throughout the project. It ensures deliverables meet requirements and stakeholder expectations.

It includes:

• Quality standards & practices – which standards apply (e.g., ISO, company standards).
• Roles and responsibilities – who handles quality tasks and when.
• Processes and procedures – how quality will be checked, controlled, and improved.
• Decision reviews – confirming earlier quality-related choices are still valid.
• Quality meetings and reports – what will be discussed and documented.
• Quality metrics – how quality performance will be measured.
• Measurement points – which deliverables will be evaluated and when.

Quality Metrics

Quality metrics are specific, measurable indicators used to evaluate how well the project is performing against its quality goals. They are defined in advance so performance can be tracked objectively.

Examples:

• Number of change requests → shows how well the project was planned.
• Resource utilization variance → checks if resources are being used efficiently.
• Number of items that fail inspection → measures product or process quality.
• Number of software bugs → tracks defect rate for development projects.

✅ In short: The Quality Management Plan explains how quality will be ensured. Quality Metrics specify what will be measured to confirm that quality.

Reserve Analysis

A technique used to identify and include extra time or money (reserves) in the project budget or schedule to handle risks and uncertainties.

Types of Reserves:

1. Contingency Reserve (for Known Unknowns)

• Covers identified risks that might happen (e.g., delays, rework).
• Usually a percentage of the project budget or estimated using quantitative risk analysis.
• Controlled by: the project manager.
• Example: Adding 10% extra budget for possible material price increases.

2. Management Reserve (for Unknown Unknowns)

• Covers unforeseen risks — things you didn’t or couldn’t plan for.
• Not part of the cost baseline (released only with approval).
• Controlled by: senior management or sponsor.
• Example: Unexpected regulation change requiring redesign.

Cost of Quality (COQ)

Refers to the total cost of ensuring quality in a project. It includes:

• Cost of conformance – investment to prevent defects (e.g., training, inspections, testing).
• Cost of non-conformance – cost after defects occur (e.g., rework, warranty claims, loss of reputation).

✅ In short:

Reserve Analysis adds planned buffers for uncertainty — Contingency = known risks, Management = unknown risks, and COQ balances prevention costs vs. failure costs to ensure quality.

Parametric Estimating Technique:

Parametric Estimating uses statistical or mathematical relationships between variables (like cost per unit, time per task, or resources per square meter) to estimate project cost or duration.

It works best when activities are known, repeatable, and standardized, with reliable historical data to base calculations on.

✅ Strengths:

• More accurate than rough estimates since it’s data-based.
• Less variance because similar operations produce consistent results.

⚠️ Weaknesses:

• Assumes standard activities — doesn’t work well for unique or innovative projects.
• Requires historical data — accuracy depends on how relevant and available that data is.

✅ In short:

Parametric estimating = uses formulas and historical data for standardized work → accurate when data is solid, but limited for new or unique projects.

Reserve analysis is a project management technique for determining the necessary contingency and management reserves to cover potential risks, uncertainties, and unforeseen changes to a project's budget or schedule

TYPES OF ESTIMATING

Analogous = based on past projects (fast but rough); Top-down, based on expert judgment and comparisons

Parametric = based on data or formulas (quantitative)

Three-point = based on range of possibilities (risk-aware)

Schedule Network Diagrams – visual representations showing the sequence and dependencies between project activities. They help identify the order of tasks and the project’s critical path.

Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) – a technique used to create the network diagram by connecting activities with arrows that show their logical relationships.

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical, deliverable-oriented chart that breaks down a project into smaller, more manageable components, tasks, and subtasks

Here are the 12 Principles of the Agile Manifesto, briefly stated:

Customer satisfaction – Deliver valuable software early and continuously.

Welcome change – Even late in development, embrace changing requirements.

Frequent delivery – Deliver working software regularly, from weeks to months.

Collaboration – Business people and developers must work together daily.

Motivated individuals – Build projects around trusted, supported team members.

Face-to-face communication – The most effective way to convey information.

Working software – The primary measure of progress.

Sustainable pace – Maintain a steady, continuous development rhythm.

Technical excellence – Continuous attention to quality improves agility.

Simplicity – Maximize the amount of work not done; keep things simple.

Self-organizing teams – The best designs and solutions emerge from them.

Regular reflection – Teams should reflect and adjust to improve effectiveness.

SARIE approach to making BUSINESS CASE * S - situation * A - analysis * R - recommendation * I - implementation * E - evaluation (how will decision makers evaluate ur case)

PROJECT PERFORMANCE DOMAINS 1. stakeholders 2. team 3. development approach + life cycle 4. planning 5. project work 6. delivery 7. measurement 8. uncertainty

project - temporary endeavor to create a unique product or result - consists of a unique set of processes w start and end dates

program - temporary organization structure to oversee implementation of related PROJECTS and activities

Moodle Migration to Cloud – Project → It’s a project since it’s a one-time initiative with a clear end — moving Moodle from local servers to the cloud.

Balance Sheet Generation – Operation → This is an operational activity because it’s a recurring task done regularly (e.g., monthly or yearly) as part of ongoing financial processes.

Uploading of New Content in Website – Operation → Regularly updating a website is an operation since it’s a repetitive, continuous task to maintain current information.

Updating of IT Systems Inventory – Operation → Keeping the inventory current is operational because it’s part of continuous maintenance work, not a one-time deliverable.

Electronic Distribution of Report Cards – Operation → This is an operation since it’s a routine process done every grading period, not a temporary or unique effort.

1. adaptability and resiliency
2. systems thinking
3. stakeholders
4. stewardship
5. leadership
6. tailoring
7. team
8. value
9. quality
10. complexity
11. risk
12. change

ASSS LTT CRQCV

Focusing on outcomes rather than outputs means prioritizing the results or impact a project aims to achieve, instead of just the deliverables or tasks completed.

APEO * A - architecture -- centralized, distributed (federated vs. non-federated) * P - processing -- (ACID, BASE, CAP theorem) * E - environment -- (pre-prod, prod, sandbox) * O - organization -- (relational, non-relational, hierarchical)

identifying errors

PRE-PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT - Mirrors the real production environment - Goal: Catch last-minute bugs and ensure stability. - Think: “Dress rehearsal before the live show.”

SANDBOX/EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT - Isolated environment for trying out new features, tools, or ideas without affecting real systems. - Less strict rules; may not mirror production. - Goal: Encourage experimentation and learning. - Think: “Playground for developers.”

tree schema - rigid, predefined paths

schema on write - data structure/schema is defined BEFORE data is written, data must fit schema when stored (relational)

schema on read - schema is applied only when the data is read, raw data is stored first, and structure is imposed later when queried

Federated Database: Each site keeps its own local database and autonomy (each w own DBMS), but they are linked together so users can access them as if they’re one system. Think of it as loosely coupled. e.g. blockchain

Non-Federated Database: The distributed databases are controlled centrally as one integrated system (no local autonomy). The sites act as parts of a single database. Think of it as tightly coupled.

FEDERATED = LIBERATED

all data is stored in one place, making it easier to implement strict security controls, monitor activity

APEO A - architecture P - processing type E - environment O - organization

A hash index stores keys based on a hashing function.

Hashing is great for equality lookups (=), because it can jump straight to the value’s bucket.

But hashing does not preserve order.

Hash indexes are only good for WHERE column = value. They cannot speed up range queries (>, <, BETWEEN) or ORDER BY, because hashing destroys natural order.

“LIKE is a constant string that does not start with a wildcard character” → They mean that LIKE 'abc%' can be optimized using indexes (fast lookup), but LIKE '%abc' or LIKE '%abc%' cannot (slow, full table scan).

🔹 Clustering index

A clustered index determines the physical order of rows in the table based on the index key.

A table can have only one clustered index (because rows can only be stored one way).

In MySQL (InnoDB), the primary key is automatically the clustered index.

Difference from non-clustered index:

Non-clustered index = separate structure (like a lookup table) that points to the actual row.

Clustered index = the table itself is ordered by the index.

The clustering attribute is the column (or columns) whose values decide the physical ORDER of records in the table.

⚖️ Key Difference

INNER JOIN → explicit, you control the condition.

NATURAL JOIN → implicit, SQL decides the condition (all same-named columns).

✅ So:

Use INNER JOIN if you want precision and clarity.

Use NATURAL JOIN if you’re sure the shared column names are intentional and correct.

USING() - e.g. SQL will look for the column DNo in both Employee and Department.

Version 1:

sql Create table tbldepartment ( DNo varchar(10) primary key, DName varchar(50), ENo varchar(10) );

• DNo varchar(10) primary key → Declares the column DNo and immediately marks it as the primary key in the same line.
• DName varchar(50) → Another column for the department’s name.
• ENo varchar(10) → A column (probably for employee number).

👉 Here, the primary key is tied directly to DNo in its definition.

Version 2:

sql Create table tbldepartment ( DNo varchar(10), DName varchar(50), ENo varchar(10), primary key (DNo) );

• DNo varchar(10) → Defines the column DNo normally.
• DName varchar(50)
• ENo varchar(10)
• primary key (DNo) → At the end of the table definition, we declare that DNo is the primary key.

👉 Here, the primary key is defined separately, after all the columns.

Client/Server = MySQL is a separate server, apps connect to it.

Embedded = MySQL is inside the app itself.

RELOADING SQL BACKUPS

1. mysql -u root -p < dump_db.sql

• Directly feeds (<) the dump file into MySQL.
• If the dump file has CREATE DATABASE + USE statements (because you used --databases when dumping), MySQL will recreate the DB and restore it automatically.
• If not, you must already be connected to the right database before running this.

2. mysqladmin -u root -p create db1

• Creates a new empty database called db1.
• Use this if your dump file does not include CREATE DATABASE.

3. (Alternative: create inside MySQL CLI)

sql mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS restore_db; mysql> USE restore_db; mysql> source dump_1.sql;

• Manually create a database (restore_db).
• Switch to it (USE restore_db;).
• source dump_1.sql → runs the dump file line by line (restores tables + data into this DB).

⚡ In short:

• If dump file has CREATE DATABASE + USE → just run it, it will auto-create the DB.
• If dump file has no DB info → you must manually create and select a database first, then load the dump into it.

BACKUP

1. mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity > dump_1.sql

• Dumps a single database (msys140_activity).
• Output is written to dump_1.sql.
• ⚠️ No CREATE DATABASE or USE statements (because no --databases flag).

2. mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > alldb.sql

• Dumps all databases on the server.
• Output goes to alldb.sql.
• Includes CREATE DATABASE and USE statements for each database.

3. mysqldump -u root -p --databases msys140_activity csci40_db > multipledb.sql

• Dumps multiple databases (msys140_activity and csci40_db).
• Output goes to multipledb.sql.
• Includes CREATE DATABASE and USE statements for each database (because of --databases).

4. [mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity > dump_1.sql VS mysqldump -u root -p --databases msys140_activity > dump_2.sql]

• Without --databases: dump_1.sql has only table structures + data, but no CREATE DATABASE or USE.
• With --databases: dump_2.sql includes the CREATE DATABASE and USE statements, so you can recreate the DB automatically when restoring.

5. mysqldump -u root -p msys140_activity tblCustomers > dump_tables.sql

• Dumps a single table (tblCustomers) from the msys140_activity database.
• Output is written to dump_tables.sql.
• Only contains the structure + data for that table.

👉 Shortcut to remember:

• No --databases → Only schema + data.
• With --databases / --all-databases → Schema + data + CREATE DATABASE + USE statements.

When you run mysqldump, the output file it generates (the backup script) doesn’t just contain the data — it also includes SQL commands to recreate the database structure.

CREATE DATABASE → Tells MySQL to make the database again when restoring.

USE → Tells MySQL which database to put the following tables and data into.

👉 So if you restore the dump, MySQL knows where to put the tables and data because the dump already has the instructions to create and select the correct database

• HOT BACKUP - allows continuous access → no downtime
• COLD BACKUP - requires downtime, copies just files

LOGICAL BACKUP

• Querying the MySQL server to obtain database structure and content information → Instead of copying raw files, it asks the server to export data and schema as SQL statements.

• Slower and larger output because data is read, converted to SQL, then written out

• Only schema + data, no other files
• Works for ALL engines (mysqldump) since it queries data and NOT files

PHYSICAL BACKUP

MyISAM = file-based → each table = separate files - Easy to copy with OS commands.

InnoDB = tablespace-based → tables often stored together inside larger shared data files - Not as simple to copy; needs special tools (like mysqlbackup) to ensure consistency.

SPEED is optimized at different levels: 1. database speed 2. hardware speed 3. connectivity speed

virtue is NOT originally part of the end, but it is CAPABLE of becoming so

does mankind desire nothing but pleasure to them, or of which its absence is pain?

promotion of happiness is the criterion of morality

!!!

power or fame

!!!

TRANQUILITY AND EXCITEMENT - the main constituents of a satisfied life

!!!

UTILITARIANISM COULD ONLY ATTAIN ITS END BY CULTIVATION OF NOBLENESS

QUALITY AND QUANTITY ALWAYS IN ESTIMATING PLEASURES

if he says another principle that is right (that is not the principle of utility), ask him what his motives are to pursue that principle, and how its different from utility + what is this principle good for anyway

DISPROVING PRINCIPLES IS IMPOSSIBLE

PRINCIPLES ARE NEVER WRONG, THEY'RE JUST MISAPPLIED

PROOFS ARE USELESS

interest of community = SUM/TOTAL OF THEIR INTERESTS

activities are what determines the character of life

3 types of life - pleasurable, political, contemplative

elements of the soul - one irrational, one with reason

!!! happiness is an activity of the soul, in accordance with perfect virtue

!!!

happiness is a virtuous activity of soul, of a certain kind

!!!

3 classes of goods - external, body or soul (most properly and truly goods), physical (relating to soul)

tldr good is not just one idea

virtue - also end of political life

temperance is a mean in terms of pleasure; self-restraint or moderation

!!!

kind of courage

kind of courage; positive even in difficult situations

kind of courage

kind of courage

kind of courage

!!!

SUMMARY OF WHAT VIRTUES IN GENERAL ARE

deliberation is about the things to be done by the agent himself

appetite is contrary to choice; appetite relates to both the pleasant and the painful

!!!

!!!!!

any person ignorant of pity and pardon act involuntarily

involuntary - ignorant of particulars, circumstances

certain virtues when forced to do are voluntary physically but involuntary in abstract

!!!

we oppose deficiency more than excess (e.g. we accept overpleasures more than deficiency in it) ; excess is more contrary/mas malayo to the intermediate --> PLEASURE IS THE ENEMY

as it is not easy to find the middle

indignation - annoyance at unfairness

!!!!!!!

!!!

!!!

!!!

NOT a passion or capacity

TWO TYPES OF VIRTUE: intellectual - from teaching moral - from habit (ethos)

!!! torture only the OBVIOUSLY GUILTY, and ONLY FOR SAVING LIVES

TORTURE IS FOR PREVENTING FUTURE EVILS, NOT PUNISHMENT. punishment is for the past deeds. it says here that torture is "less objectionable" than punishments like death penalty. but i ask, what kind of torture are we talking about? how can we be so sure that torture can save these lives?

its all about numbers

married; if u can take on cohabitation naman, of sharing stuff, why not get married instead (now)?

conclusion; do not cohabit

yesyesyes plus no commitment

ME because personally too im attached to my family + yay rent free

YASSS ME

true, we r broke

benefit of marrying after having kids (like my fam)

disadvantage of cohabitation before marriage!

!!!

of waiting until marriage to cohabit

this is a good idea

doran is me

heavy on "more something to choose"; because some women marry para makaahon, like in movies

!!!

marriage that considered valid by both partners, but not formally recorded with a state or religious registry; most of these ppl were low-income and POC so it was abolished

there is progress in the way we think unlike in the past

for POC and queer especially

basically u should talk about "moving in" and all its details before sharing a home, also so that u'd be more likely to stay together

On the other hand, this situation creates an unusual diversity within a church that typically aims for consistency, especially in how services are conducted. The church’s limited guidelines for producing online Masses—seen in the lack of protocols from dioceses or bishops’ conferences—suggests a tendency to overlook this diversity.

in order to have a universal church, there must be a universal sacrament

circumscribed = restricted but in st. paul parish priest has authority to change the prayers..

Christians believe the real community is the offline one over the virtual (even less/unreal)

the pandemic has forced the church to consider digital culture

first paragraph - in mass