While your wife's mother lives, expect no peace. She teaches her with savage joy to fleece A bankrupt spouse; kind creature! she befriends The lover's hopes, and when her daughter sends An answer to his prayer, the style inspects, Softens the cruel, and the wrong corrects. . .

Thus the virago triumphs, thus she reigns Anon she sickens of her first domains, And seeks for new;---husband on husband takes, Till of her bridal veil one rent she makes.

To a fond spouse, a wife no mercy shows But warmed with equal fires, enjoys his woes. She tells you where to love and where to hate, Shuts out the ancient friend, whose beard your gate Knew from its downy to its hoary state: And when rogues and parasites of all degrees Have power to will their fortune as they please, She dictates yours, and impudently dares To name your very rivals for your heirs.

Is so uxoriously to one inclined, Then bow your neck, and with submissive air, Receive the yoke you must forever wear.

Now tell me---if you can not love a wife, Made yours by every tie, and yours for life, Why wed at all?

But, of this permission, few, as they say, made use; and in cases where they did so, it was observed that their change was not a happy one, but accompanied ever after with regret and melancholy; so that the greater number, from religious fears and scruples forbore, and continued to old age and death in the strict observance of a single life.

January was so called from [the god] Janus, and precedence given to it by Numa before March, which was dedicated to the god Mars;

If these vestals commit any minor fault, they are punishable by the Pontifex Maximus only, who scourges the offender, sometimes with her clothes off, in a dark place, with a curtain drawn between; but she that has broken her vow is buried alive near the gate called Collina, where a little mound of earth stands inside the city reaching some little distance, called in Latin agger;

Thus the whole term being completed, it was lawful for them to marry, and leaving the sacred order, to choose any condition of life that pleased them.

Some are of opinion that these vestals had no other business than the preservation of this fire; but others conceive that they were keepers of other divine secrets, concealed from all but themselves.

The office of Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest, was to declare and interpret the divine law . . . he not only prescribed rules for public ceremony, but regulated the sacrifices of private persons, not suffering them to vary from established custom, and giving information to everyone of what was requisite for purposes of worship or supplication.

The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood. It was accounted not simply unlawful, but a positive sacrilege, to pull down the wooden bridge; which moreover is said, in obedience to an oracle, to have been built entirely of timber and fastened with wooden pins, without nails or cramps of iron.

nd that they have the name of Pontifices from potens, powerful, because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command over all.

Nevertheless, for the relief of the homeless, fugitive masses he threw open the Field of Mars, including Agrippa's public buildings, and even his own Gardens. Nero also constructed emergency accommodation for the destitute multitude. Food was brought from Ostia and neighboring towns, and the price of corn was cut to less than ¼ sesterce a pound

Some who had lost everything - even their food for the day - could have escaped, but preferred to die

When they escaped to a neighboring quarter, the fire followed - even districts believed remote proved to be involved. Finally, with no idea where or what to flee, they crowded on to the country roads, or lay in the fields.

Terrified, shrieking women, helpless old and young, people intent on their own safety, people unselfishly supporting invalids or waiting for them, fugitives and lingerers alike - all heightened the confusion.

The ancient city's narrow winding streets and irregular blocks encouraged its progress.

Breaking out in shops selling inflammable goods, and fanned by the wind, the conflagration instantly grew and swept the whole length of the Circus.

nd so grew greater by degrees, while he concentrated in himself the functions of the Senate, the magistrates, and the laws.

Tiberius, and all which follows, without either bitterness or partiality, from any motives to which I am far removed.

But the successes and reverses of the old Roman people have been recorded by famous historians; and fine intellects were not wanting to describe the times of Augustus, till growing sycophancy scared them away.

Dictatorships were held for a temporary crisis. The power of the decemvirs did not last beyond two years, nor was the consular jurisdiction of the military tribunes of long duration.

Freedom and the consulship were established by Lucius Brutus

make the strongest possible case that Cicero on his own terms should have set Caecus at the beginning of Roman oratorical (and literary prose) history, and second, to defend Cicero's inconsistency with an eye to the dialogue's literary-historical enterprise

Yet Cicero somewhat disingenuously works around this early orator

In other words, Cicero produces a literary history along with a critique of literary history. His sweeping view takes in the evolution of literature and the historical processes by which aesthetic standards have developed at Rome. Yet Cicero's account of literary history in the dialogue is hardly straightforward or monological, which partly explains our difficulty in seeing it, and partly results from Cicero's choice of literary form in presenting it.

including a nuanced account of its intellectual potential and methodological problems.

Such a narrow interpretation of Cicero's objectives helps to explain why modern scholars at a more general level tend to chastise the ancient authors for failing to anchor the development of literature in the details of historical context.

Yet attention to the self-serving and somewhat predictable teleological design can shed only so much light on the work's accomplishment as literary history.

In a word, you must secure friends of every class, magistrates, consuls and their tribunes to win you the vote of the centuries: men of wide popular influence. Those who either have gained or hope to gain the vote of a tribe or a century, or any other advantage, through your influence, take all pains to collect and to secure.

hosoever gives any sign of inclination to you, or regularly visits your house, you must put down in the category of friends.

Also take pains to get on your side the young men of high rank, and keep the friendship of those whom you already have

All these men must be canvassed with care, agents must be sent to them, and they must be convinced that we have always been at one with the Optimates, that we have never been dangerous demagogues in the very least

See that you retain these advantages by reminding these persons, by appealing to them, and by using every means to make them understand that this, and this only, is the time for those who are in your debt now, to show their gratitude, and for those who wish for your services in the future, to place you under an obligation.

For you have, as few novi homines have had---all the tax-syndicate promoters, nearly the whole equestrian ordo, and many municipal towns, especially devoted to you, many people who have been defended by you, many trade guilds, and besides these a large number of the rising generation, who have become attached to you in their enthusiasm for public speaking, and who visit you daily in swarms, and with such constant regularity!

A man who is held worthy of defending ex-consuls, cannot be deemed unworthy of the constitution itself.

"I am a novus homo [i.e. without noble ancestry]. "I am a candidate for the consulship." "This is Rome.

hose who, by the investigation of nature, have arrived at the opinion that the whole universe [is animated] by a single Mind. . . . [Text missing].

Why, it serves to teach us that we cannot better commence our investigations than by invoking him whom, with one voice, both learned and unlearned extol as the universal king of all gods and men.

We must, then, I suppose, imitate Aratus, who, when he prepared himself to treat of great things, thought himself in duty bound to begin with Jupiter.

I must confess I prefer the royal one, and praise that as the first and best. In this, which I here choose to call the primitive form of government, I find the title of father attached to that of king, to express that he watches over the citizens as over his children, and endeavors rather to preserve them in freedom than reduce them to slavery.

for there is not one of them which I approve at all by itself, since, as I told you, I prefer that government which is mixed and composed of all these forms, to any one of them taken separately.

Then Laelius said: But you have not told us, Scipio, which of these three forms of government you yourself most approve.

Next the others were asked in order, and when the majority of those present had reached an agreement, the war was resolved upon.

After that the envoy returns to Rome to report, and the king was wont at once to consult with the Senators in some such words as these, Concerning such quarrels as to which the pater patratu

If the persons he demands are not surrendered after thirty days, he declares war, thus

e says them also to the first man he meets [on the way];

Then he makes his demands, and follows with a solemn appeal to Jupiter

Ancus Marcius desired that the ceremonies relating to war might be transmitted by himself to future ages.

The Etruscan word for an actor is istrio, and so the native performers were called histriones.

they danced to the measures of the flute and practiced graceful movements in Etruscan fashion.

But the violence of the epidemic was not alleviated by any aid from either men or gods, and it is asserted that as men's minds were completely overcome by superstitious terrors they introduced, amongst other attempts to placate the wrath of heaven, scenic representations, a novelty to a nation of warriors who had hitherto only had the games of the Circus.

for he had put a violent stop to the festival of the Games, the interruption of which is an act of impiety.

his gave great offence to the Etruscan cantons, owing to their hatred of monarchy and their personal aversion to the one who was elected.

but, whereas the Greek historians essentially agree that Alexander drank himself to death or at least exacerbated an illness with excessive drinking and dismiss the suggestion of poison (Diod. Sic. 17.117.1–118.2; Plut. Alex. 73.2–77.3; Arr. Anab. 7.24.4–27.2),[ 7] the Romance insists that Alexander was the victim of a plot to assassinate him by poison

The murder of one of his closest friends, Cleitus, by Alexander in a drunken rage, for example, occurs at a banquet, but not a word of this is spoken in the Romance

In one of the wholly invented episodes with which the Romance embroiders the life of Alexander he goes in disguise as his own ambassador to the court of the Persian king and is entertained as a guest at his table

So we may turn to the specific passages in the Romance for some insight into how its hero was viewed in a substantial component of the Alexander tradition, as well as how what often seems like a very disjointed work really fits together.

creating its own image of Alexander.

he Romance is based on the historical career of Alexander, but we very rarely glean some new insight into the historical Alexander from the text.

not come until around the turn of the fourth century AD

It is, further, only one of many occasions in the Romance when Alexander is said to go alone to visit his enemies in disguise

This episode substitutes a fictional scene for a number of dramatic banqueting incidents in the historical record that cast Alexander in a negative light,

Yet he did this not out of any anger, as some think, to Carneades;

Cato resolved, under some specious pretence, to have all philosophers cleared out of the city; and, coming into the senate, blamed the magistrates for letting these deputies stay so long a time without being despatched,

ut Cato, on the other side, seeing the passion for words flowing into the city, from the beginning took it ill, fearing lest the youth should be diverted that way, and so should prefer the glory of speaking well before that of arms and doing well.

it soon began to be told that a Greek, famous even to admiration, winning and carrying all before him, had impressed so trange a love upon the young men, that quitting all their pleasures and pastimes, they ran mad, as it were, after philosophy;

All the most studious youth immediately waited on these philosophers, and frequently, with admiration, heard them speak.

Cato] was now grown old, when Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic, came as deputies from Athens to Rome

arneades shocked Rome by arguing convincingly for one argument one day, and then refuting all his arguments the following day.

mportant member of Plato's school, the Academy, which by this time had become a center of skepticism

It included three philosophers, among them Carneades.

The wise man is but little favored by fortune; but his reason procures him the greatest and most valuable goods, and these he does enjoy, and will enjoy the whole of his life.

It is not possible to live pleasantly without living prudently, and honorably, and justly; nor to live prudently, and honorably, and justly, without living pleasantly. But to whom it does not happen to live prudently, honorably, and justly cannot possibly live pleasantly.

Pain does not abide continuously in the flesh, but its extremity. It is present only a very short time.

And where pleasure is, as long as it lasts, that which gives pain, or that which feels pain, or both of them, are absent.

Death is nothing to us; for that which is dissolved is devoid of sensation, and that which is devoid of sensation is nothing to us.

Anaximander did not explain what he meant by “the Boundless.”

Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by many other authors, the so-called doxographers, before it was lost

gnomon (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected one in Sparta

We also know very little of Anaximander’s life. He is said to have led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea.

is book has been lost, although it probably was available in the library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus.

His work will always remain truncated, like the mutilated and decapitated statue that has been found at the market-place of Miletus and that bears his name.

Moreover, Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer.

Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy

For this reason, fashioning a defense on all sides, I wheeled about like a wolf among the hounds.

And many Athenians sold into slavery — some justly, some not — did I bring home to their god-founded land, while others, having fled their debts under Necessity's compulsion, no longer spoke the Attic tongue (since they wandered to all parts of the earth),

which of them had I not achieved when I quit?

Nor will the force of the argument permit that anything spring from 70 being except being itself

For what generating of it wilt thou seek out? From what did it grow, and how?

And let not long-practised habit compel thee 55 along this path, thine eye careless, thine ear and thy tongue overpowered by noise; but do thou weigh the much contested refutation of their words, which I have uttered.

and from that course also along which mortals knowing nothing wander aimlessly, since helplessness directs the roaming thought in their bosoms, and they are borne on deaf and like- 50 wise blind, amazed, headstrong races, they who consider being and not-being as the same and not the same; and that all things follow a back-turning course.1

  It makes no difference to me at what point I begin, for I shall always come back again to this.

assuming that being is and that it is impossible for it not to be, is the trustworthy path, for truth attends it. The other, that not-being is and that it necessarily is,

partly owing to his boastfulness

Themistocles therefore persuaded his countrymen to put in hand the building of 200 triremes, and --what was of even greater importance-to fortify the three natural harbours of Peiraeus (see E. Gardner, Ancient Athens, 562 f.) in place of the open roadstead of Phalerum

In all these points he is the antithesis of his great rival Aristides (q.v.). Of his early years little is known. He may have been strategus of his tribe at Marathon (FIut. Arist. 5) and we are told that he deeply envied the glory which Miltiades earned.

483 fall on Themistocles was obviously remote: and the Ath. Pol. is generally wrong about Themistocles.

he displayed a marvellous power of analysing a complex situation together with a genius for rapid action

Periclean law he would not have been a free Athenian at all (see PERICLES)

He was the son of Neocles, an Athenian of no distinction and moderate means,

My own opinion is that when the whole State is on the right course it is a better thing for each separate individual than when private interests are satisfied but the State as a whole is going down hill.

A man who has the knowledge but lacks the power to express it clearly is no better off than if he never had any ideas at all

Here, as he poured libations upon the sacrifices, he saw the rout of his army; whereupon he cast himself headlong into the flames, and so was consumed and disappeared.

Hamilcar, who was a Carthaginian on his father's side only, but on his mother's a Syracusan, and who had been raised by his merit to the throne of Carthage, after the battle and the defeat, as I am informed, disappeared from sight:

Terillos prevailed upon Hamilcar, partly as his sworn friend, but more through the zealous aid of Anaxilaos the son of Cretines, king of Rhegium;

Phoenicians, Libyans, Iberians, Ligurians, Helisykians, Sardinians, and Corsicans

They, however, who dwell in Sicily, say that Gelo, though he knew that he must serve under the Lacedaemonians, would nevertheless have come to the aid of the Hellenes, had not it been for Terillos, the son of Crinippos, king of Himera; who, driven from his city by Thero, the son of Ainesidemos, king of Agrigentum

Only men had the rights of political participation, but women still counted as citizens of the community legally, socially, and religiously.

The community expressed official homage and respect to the gods through its cults, which were regular sets of public religious activities overseen by citizens serving as priests and priestesses and paid for at public expense

polis as protector and patron was a particular god, as, for example, Athena at Athens

Members of the polis, then, lived both in the town at its center and also in the villages scattered around its territory.1

Polis, from which we derive our term “politics,” is usually translated as “city-state” to emphasize its difference from what we today normally think of as a city

Together the members of these settlements made up a community of citizens comprising a political state, and it was this partnership among citizens6 that represented the distinctive political characteristic of the polis.

the large island of Lesbos9, for example, was the home for five different city-states

Be favourable, O Insewn, Inspirer of frenzied women! we singers sing of you as we begin and as we end a strain, and none forgetting you may call holy song to mind.

so shall mortals ever sacrifice perfect hecatombs to you at your feasts each three years.'

The Father of men and gods gave you birth remote from men and secretly from white-armed Hera.

For some say, at Dracanum; and some, on windy Icarus; and some, in Naxos, O Heaven-born, Insewn

nd the Libyans of the neighborhood found themselves stripped of large portions of their lands.

During the lifetime of Battus, the founder of the colony, who reigned forty years, and during that of his son Arcesilaus, who reigned sixteen, the Cyreneans continued at the same level, neither more nor fewer in number than they were at the first. But in the reign of the third king, Battus, surnamed the Happy, the advice of the Pythoness brought Greeks from every quarter into Libya, to join the settlement.

and these messengers fell in with a man named Corobius, a dealer in purple dye. In answer to their inquiries, he told them that contrary winds had once carried him to Libya, where he had gone ashore on a certain island which was named Platea. So they hired this man's services, and took him back with them to Thera. A few persons then sailed from Thera to reconnoiter. Guided by Corobius to the island of Platea, they left him there with provisions for a certain number of months, and returned home with all speed to give their countrymen an account of the island.

Seven years passed from the utterance of the oracle, and not a drop of rain fell in Thera: all the trees in the island, except one, were killed with the drought. After a while, everything began to go wrong. Ignorant of the cause of their sufferings, they again sent to Delphi to inquire for what reason they were afflicted. The Pythoness in reply reminded them reproachfully "that if they and Battus would make a settlement at Cyrene in Libya, things would go better with them."

they sent messengers to Crete

Grinus (they say), the son of Aesanius, a descendant of Theras, and king of the island of Thera,

On Grinus consulting the oracle about sundry matters, the Pythoness gave him for answer, "that he should found a city in Libya.