Lasting anxiety and self-blame surely occurred for some of the "teachers". If it were me, having just given the XXX voltage to a screaming person, even if I were relieved that the shocks were not real, I don't think I would ever be able to trust myself again. I would always think about how easily I had been convinced to torture an innocent person, begging me to stop. I empathize with the people who may have had their world views and senses of self shattered by learning the depths to which they would go in this experiment.

this may mean that the wild drunk at the frat party was once the wary freshman, wanting to be cool like the loud dude on his 15th shot before him. If so, when did this chain start? with the first barrel of wine?

as a chronically indecisive person, I struggle with this pretty often when I'm in novel situations. As people, I think we make the mistake of blindly following people who we think know more than us, even if we have no evidence that they do. For example, the day I was at the airport to fly to Madrid, I was very inexperienced with the process, especially considering the differences between domestic and international flights. Josh and I were super confused and had no idea what we were doing, when we bumped into Chris, the other student going abroad with us. He's a super confident guy, and we followed him like puppies to do everything that he did, having full faith in him, and believing whole-heartedly that he knew what he was doing. We managed to get through the process before he casually mentioned that things had gone a lot better than he had expected them to, being his first time. We were both shocked that he had just lead us though that on a whim. I guess it goes to show that we will literally go along with anything, regardless of the leader's qualifications to lead, if we believe they know more than we do.

"Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time"-Don Henley I use this quotation to justify having a relaxing weekend over having a weekend where I get totally caught up in work. It helps fight off the Sunday Scaries

this is so mind blowing to me! I can't imagine time, weeks, months, and years being how I know them, even though I know that we made all of that up anyway

tl;dr: Is "Black Time" a widely held perception of time for African Americans, or are my suburban grandparents and the old white people at the church I grew up in just really, really pretentious and judgemental?

Has any research been done on the concepts of time within different groups in the same country? Since the US is so large, there might be some interesting differences is what is "early" or "late" for people from (ex:) the Midwest vs New England. I'm also interested in what differences in time perceptions might exist between Americans of different ethnicities. This is because when I was growing up, being a bit late was only ever a big deal to my rural-living family was when we were late to church. However, my maternal grandparents, who are more urban, are always very strict about timing, to the point where meeting them is stressful. Whenever we were just on time or even a few minutes late to a dinner or party with them, we wouldn't hear the end of the salty, snide comments about "being late to our own funerals" and "having no respect for others' time" for the duration of the event. Needless to say, it was a big shock to me when my boyfriend, Josh (who is Black), invited me to a cookout with his family. It was supposed to start at about 6pm, so I got there at about 5:45, to avoid making a bad impression by being late. He was surprised to see me so soon, and the rest of his family didn't all arrive until closer to 7pm. His church is pretty much the same way: as long as you show up before halfway through (though most folks are there in time for sunday school), you're fine. The few times I was that late at the church I grew up in, I received some pretty disgusted looks. Josh calls this calmness about arriving after the agreed upon time "Black Time," and says that as long as you're there within 30 minutes to an hour of the goal, you're still on time. It's very refreshing to me, usually (until we're in a rush, and are reminded that we manage time in different ways). When Josh and I studied abroad in Madrid, they seemed to run on a much looser time structure than I was used to, as well. All this to ask, do we have evidence that there are systematic differences in how Americans of different ethnic backgrounds perceive time?

this is such a selfless way to think, but it also seems very stressful, compared to what we are used to

this is so interesting! I have wondered about this a lot since taking the East Asian Culture class a few years ago. I'm glad to finally have that question answered

this is neat. I would like to see this test in action. I didn't notice any differences in facial expression while I studied in Spain, so I wonder if there are any significant ones that really set Spaniards apart from Americans

this is so interesting to me. I think it would make sense for Americans to interpret "disgust" and Japanese participants not to, because of the differences in individualistic and collectivist culture. It would be normal here to display pretty much exactly how you feel (disgusted in this case), but that might be rude or harmful to the group in a culture like Japan has

does this show a difference in priorities in general between individualistic and collectivist cultures? I know I usually list adjectives about myself like the first example when asked "who I am," but looking at the interdependent example, that makes me feel selfish and conceited

I remember learning about this in anthropology. I never realized how easy it is to be ethnocentric before I had that class, and that most of us display this bias very regularly. I got points taken off on an exam in that class for making an ethnocentric response to an essay question; it asked something like, "How might you ask a person from India about their wedding customs?" and part of my answer was "Why do the bride and groom wear orange in some weddings, rather than another color like white?" A more appropriate response would have been "What is the significance of the colors the bride and groom wear?". The first one, I learned, could be understood to imply that colors like white are appropriate for weddings, and orange is not (that my culture is somehow superior). I have learned that it is very important to be mindful about how you frame questions about another person's culture

This reminds me of a friend I made while studying abroad. She was from Brazil, and often told me about how things were there and what life means to people in her country. Joy is very important to them, and that was evident in her demeanor. Despite the political issues, economic problems, and other grave matters, she remained optimistic, and said that that is simply a part of their mindset.

I saw something a few weeks ago on Reddit (that is very unlikely to be empirically reviewed, but nonetheless..) that could offer a neat insight into why a person might hesitate to answer. I think the examples it used were seeing a very obese person and (white people/specifically women)being intimidated by very tall/muscular minorities. It said your initial reaction to a person, like "Oh, yikes, she is so fat" or being intimidated when you see a really tall, buff African American man walking toward you on an empty street is what society has conditioned you to think. If you have this happen and think, "Oh my gosh, that was so mean! Why would I think something like that about her?" or "Why did I get nervous when I saw him? He looks happy and he's not even looking at me!" then those thoughts are your conscience, or true self, acknowledging that you know better than what society has been trying to convince you. I would like to learn more about this hypothesis and see if there's any truth to it.

is this term also used to describe the behaviors of women who have these same hostile views toward men?

I'm glad they addressed that boys also get sexually harassed. As damaging as this is for girls, I know it must be very difficult for boys who have experienced this, since the fact that it can happen to them too is often overlooked-- a gender stereotype: sexual harassment is something that happens to girls, and done to them by boys.

Growing up, this was very difficult for me. I didn't like how girls acted (or, rather, how they were portrayed) in movies and on tv as far back as I can remember (about age 3-4), and began to reject all "girl" things: pink, dolls, makeup, bows, dresses, being delicate, crying, etc. I liked things like trains, making mud pies, being outdoors, being tough, dinosaurs, catching bugs with my mom, blue, and being athletic. My mom encouraged me to enjoy whatever I liked, but TV and movies taught me that all the things I liked were "boy things." My other family members were worried about my interests, and pushed me to be more feminine, which made me loathe being a girl. My feelings and likes made me a total anomaly when I started school, in a class of 30 with only 5 other girls. They were all very "girly" and I avoided them. The boys were generally not very accepting of me because "girls can't play football at recess." It was very hard for me to learn to accept myself and that the masculine and feminine qualities I possessed just made me a whole person. I attribute the plight of the tomboy to the media, adults' rigid expectations for their children's conformity, and thus the transference of those stereotypes to children as a whole

(this answered my question above)

I wonder if this is due to natural biological differences that occur regardless of culture or raising, or if it's mostly due to gender roles and how kids grow up in society

I wonder how strong the correlation is between child abuse and development of a hostile expectation bias

What are the warning signs of a person whose aggression increases enough over time that they are willing to commit murder? Can this development be prevented? Does this trait correlate with sociopathy?

I would like to see research on the rate of security/safety people feel they have today versus 50,100, 200 years ago. Even though we're living in a "safer" time now, I'd predict that most people feel like the world is a much more dangerous place, are more afraid to die, and feel more anxious about life than the average person years ago, due to the availability of gory news we have today

I wonder if this data is including the deaths of criminals who received capital punishment/execution

this reminds me of an episode of Young Justice. The League was fighting a group of villains teamed up with corrupted government officials. The "bad guys" had captured a child and forcibly altered his DNA to make him a super kid. The fight was going very badly for the League at first because the super kid was very strong, and was being mind controlled by one of the villains to fight against the team. Meanwhile, an old farmer had been awakened by the commotion, and came out with his gun to watch the fight. He did not take any action (thankfully, or he would have been easily killed) while all like 15 superheroes were fighting each other. However, the team managed to break the mind control on the boy and he helped them win the fight. Immediately after the villains fled the scene, the boy got shot through the chest and died, and the farmer proclaimed, "I've killed the monster!!"

I feel like we can all relate to the farmer, though it's uncomfortable to admit. When things are too risky or scary, we don't want to help. Then, we feebly attempt to contribute once the problem is mostly resolved, sometimes doing more harm than good, because we feel ashamed that we were too afraid to act when it really counted.

https://youtu.be/kz_td61Pr3g

What do you think makes a person feel more obligated to be helpful? Is it innate, simply how they were raised, or due to something else (like experiences)?

this reminds me of psyc 314 when we talked about kids showing empathy sometimes only because they were made uncomfortable by another person being upset. Some children will even be aggressive when a friend is upset and cannot be calmed. In situations when help is given mainly to soothe the helper, is it really helping?

could this be a result of our social referencing instincts that we use in early childhood? It sounds very much like how children look to a parent/adult to see what is an appropriate reaction to an uncertain situation. Do many of us ever grow past the instinct to let others make decisions when we are scared?

This reminds me of when I played softball on my school's team. The teams were always pretty hostile with each other, and we were no exception. Even off the field at tournaments, when we passed a team (whether they were in our bracket to play against or not), we all tended to tense up, scowl a bit, and cast intimidating vibes at the other team, which was doing the same. However, I remember one time, when both teams were warming up right before our game, a huge, heavy thunderstorm came, and we all had to take shelter together in the weight room. at first, both teams were acting closed off and unwelcoming. After about thirty minutes in there, their team on the left side of the room and our team on the right, the rain was still pounding and the lightning was still too close for us to play safely. Finally, someone broke the silence, and small talk began, which turned to jokes and laughter, which turned to both teams singing together and dancing around the weights. I can't even remember if we got to play or not, or which of us won. I just remember it being fun. Our team and that team had a great time playing each other from then on. At first, when we were all in an "us vs. them" mindset, we were all acting in this very competitive, unproductive way. I think it's neat how a strange shared experience can help two opposing groups become friendly, and even encouraging of one another when dynamics return to normal

oh.

this makes me wonder if people with cooperative SVOs are more likely than people with one of the others to reduce waste, conserve energy and fuel, reuse items several times before throwing them away, and recycle those items once they have been reused as much as possible. I'm curious about what percentage of environmental activists have this type of SVO. I think it would make sense for cooperative people to be likely to reduce waste and try to protect the ecosystem because the text says they are more interested in what will benefit society as a whole, even when it is less convenient to do so. People who avoid buying or using items that yield large proportions of waste often have to sacrifice convenience for the sake of prolonging and improving the health of the environment. They themselves might not get to enjoy the rewards of a healthier planet, but make efforts in hopes that a future generation might. This to me seems to correlate to how cooperative SVO individuals behave, according to the text.

what percentage of people do you think have a cooperative, versus individualistic, versus competitive SVO? Which SVO do you think you have? Do you think SVO is stable throughout one's life, or could it fluctuate, even depending on day to day differences in mood?

We rely so heavily on nonverbal messages and vocal inflections when communicating with others. It must be so difficult to form and maintain relationships with others when you can't recognise the subtleties of conversation, like when someone is uncomfortable, or frustrated with you, or offended. I can't imagine how stressful it must be to try to make friends and constantly worry that they're sending you a message that you aren't picking up on.

I wonder if research exists that shows whether people with autism have a greater difficulty recognising people they have seen before, and if so, how often they must see a person for the face to be easily recognised. If people with autism have a greater than normal difficulty recognising others, could autism be related to "face blindness"? (a disorder in which a person struggles to or is unable to remember faces, sometimes even their own.) I have attached an article that explains this condition in greater detail. https://www.faceblind.org/research/

I remember talking about this briefly in psyc 314 (development: prenatal-early childhood). One of the most telling signs of a delay or complication in social development in infants is the absence of the social smile.

What are some other social deficits can you think of that might appear as early as six months of age?

this sentence felt confusing to me, and I needed to read it another time to get what it is saying. In case anyone else is confused, I believe it's saying that although groups of friends perform better, members of a group of friends that is not motivated about the goal will feed off of the other members' lack of motivation and will do the job even worse than they would do it if they were working individually. If you think I have interpreted it wrong, please let me know!

This reminds me of the DC series Young Justice, which I watched recently with my boyfriend. In Season One, a small band of super kids (proteges of Batman, Aquaman, The Flash, Green Arrow, Superman [kind of, it's complicated], Martian Manhunter, etc) is formed by the Justice League to train upcoming supers. In Season One, we can observe all stages of group development except adjourning, which happens after Season Two, when most of the members graduate up to the Justice League or retire. As the group is forming, the young supers start getting to know a bit about each other and start to learn what they will be doing as a team. A lot of episodes revolve around storming, as Robin and Kid Flash fight over leadership and Superboy loses his temper with everyone on the team. Finally, an eye-opening experience that nearly resulted in the team's defeat helped calm the squabbling boys, and everyone on the team decided Aqualad, the most calm and mindful, should be the leader. Norming began here for the team. When a new member, Artemis, joined the team, she and Miss Martian butted heads, but soon became cohesive. Occasional drama resurfaced, but for the most part, the team had entered and remained in the performing stage by this point, and worked together to be a formidable force against the Justice League's enemies. There was much less friction between team members in this stage when other young supers joined the team or allied with it temporarily.

I have attached a link that briefly goes over the plot of each episode. Unfortunately, DC series do not offer episode viewing without a paid membership.

https://youngjustice.fandom.com/wiki/Season_one

There is also what may be a bootlegged season on YouTube that seems to have all the episodes. Here's a link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cemTPLaM9hI&list=PL4cTQ22OQT815cm1yofLM6XZ4RfQ8ALeb&index=2

What examples from your life can you give to support this claim?

(ex: I can skate fine on my own, but am still learning how. I usually don't fall anymore. When I entered a race with other skaters, I fell four times )

this sounds like a very selfish reason to form a group/friendship. Do you think our basic desire for companionship is inherently selfish, or do you believe there are also altruistic motives for bonding with others? What examples from your life can you provide that show you have joined/formed a group/friendship with someone simply to satisfy your needs versus to be altruistic?

(For example, when I came to EXPO at Lander, I was very nervous, and immediately gravitated to a group of kids from my high school. None of us had been friends, never associated with each other, or didn't even like each other in school, but since we were all nervous, we found familiar faces, and all acted like old friends for the first day. Immediately after we were placed in our EXPO groups, the high school group dissolved, and I haven't talked to a single one of them since. On the other hand, in junior year of high school, I had a close group of friends who I sat with at lunch. A few weeks into the semester, I noticed a kid being harassed by the people he always sat with, and they made him leave the table. I invited him to our table because I thought he must feel awful. He sat with us for the rest of the year and became a good friend of mine. I think that friendship was formed for altruistic reasons, because I already had a group to belong to.)

to what degree did/do your parents use psychological control? How does this impact your relationship with them? In what ways, if any, might psychological control over adolescents be adaptive from an evolutional standpoint? Do you think that parents are more or less psychologically controlling than in the past? What factors do you think may have caused an increase or decrease in psychological control over time?

I have had a unique experience with attachment security. When I was very young, I had secure attachments with both of my parents. However, when my parents got divorced, my dad moved to Florida. Of course, him being away when I was little affected my attachment with him, but looking back, I think that it is very interesting that his move affected how securely I was attached to my mother. Our relationship did not change in any way that I remember, but I recall feeling very insecure until I had time to adjust to the change. I began to panic whenever my mom dropped me off with my Mema or kindergarten, like the child in the "Strange Situation." I had never done so in the past; I had only gotten "I'll miss you :(" sad, not freak out sad/scared. When my mom returned to collect me before my dad moved, I greeted her happily. After he moved, our reunions involved me sobbing as I bolted across the room and hurled myself into her arms, and some days I became angry with her for not taking me (to work) with her, which resembles an insecure-ambivalent attachment style. Over time, my attachment returned to a normal secure style. I think it is very interesting that while children can experience different attachment security toward different people, they can also experience fluctuation in that with a single caregiver.

how might this knowledge be used to help identify and provide social interventions for preschool children with autism?

girls: "ahaha why his hat so long" boy: "we have the same hat :(" (don't grade this)

ow oof