children of low socioeconomic status have significantly higher cortisol levels than children of high socioeconomic status, and that this effect emerges as early as age 6 y.

children from households that became food insecure exhibited poorer reading performance, and this was especially significant among girls

The observed mean weight of 22.5 kg and mean age of 6.23 y at kindergarten corresponded roughly to the 65th percentile weight-for-age for the U.S. population. Three years later, the observed mean weight of 34.26 kg corresponded roughly to the 75th percentile weight-for-age for the U.S. population (25).

We utilized parent, teacher, and child data from spring of kindergarten (1999) and spring of 3rd grade (2002)

household food insecurity at kindergarten resulted in poorer subsequent development. Second, we examined how changes in food insecurity were associated with concurrent development.

Food insecurity and insufficiency are associated with adverse health and developmental outcomes in U.S. children

ongitudinal data to investigate how food insecurity over time related to changes in reading and mathematics test performance, weight and BMI, and social skills in children