Sepals and petals are modifications of what other plant structure?
they are flower organ
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- Last 7 days
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What is the receptacle?
inside of the a carpel, The receptacle will become the red culinary “fruit,”
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If some kids in your neighborhood get hold of a little hatchet and chop off thin slices of bark all the way around the base of one of your trees, what will happen to the tree? Why?
it wil probably dies, because its cut of the xylem and phloem supply connections
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What is the most exterior cell layer in an herbaceous stem called? What is the most exterior layer of cells in a five-year-old woody perennial plant stem called.
The most exterior layer of cells in a five-year-old woody perennial plant stem is called the cork (or phellem)
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Describe the origin of annual rings. If a woody dicot is growing in a tropical climate where the weather is the same day in and day out, will you find annual rings in the wood?
Annual rings originate from the seasonal variation in the activity of the vascular cambium, which alters the size and density of the secondary xylem cells it produces throughout the yea
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In a perennial woody dicot, how do the discrete vascular bundles found in the new seedling stem become continuous rings of xylem and phloem in the three-year-old woody stem?
Trace the boundary between the first, second, and third-year woodIdentify the vascular rays that transport water radiallyLocate the crushed remnants of the primary phloem
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What happens to the initial cell mentioned in the question above? Does it continue to divide?
it yes get divided and other sister cells become derivative cell
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If shown a micrograph of an apical meristem, how would you determine whether it is from a root or a shoot?
look for the external structure and tissue arrangement root apical has a root cap and shoot apiece meristem has the leaf permordia
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Protoderm will differentiate or mature into what type of tissue? How about procambium? And ground meristem?
the 3 foundation system: protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
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What two processes result in root growth?
Root growth relies on two fundamental processes: cell division and cell elongation
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Explain how roots elongate and increase in diameter via primary and secondary meristems.
Roots grow in length through primary growth (elongation) and increase in thickness through secondary growth (widening), driven by specialized tissues called meristems.
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Could you distinguish between a monocot and dicot stem based on the arrangement of the vascular bundles?
see diagram above
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Dicots typically have a pith while monocots do not. Why?
because their vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, consuming the central region with connective tissue
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Herbaceous perennials die back to the ground in the spring. Where do they get the energy to grow the next spring, and from what tissue do new shoots emerge?
They store energy for the following spring as carbohydrates (starches) within specialized underground structures, and new shoots emerge from dormant renewal buds
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- Jul 2026
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open.lib.umn.edu open.lib.umn.edu3.2 Shoots11
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Locate the regions of origin for stolons and rhizomes.
see the image below
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What type of tissue are rhizomes, stolons, and tubers? Stem tissue or root tissue?
root tissue
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What is one of the main purposes of stolons?
is vegetative propagation. These horizontal stems spread above or just below the soil surface, periodically establishing roots and shooting up new clonal plants at their nodes
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What is the term for an underground, horizontally growing stem?
rhizomes
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What is the term for a horizontally growing stem that is near to or on the soil surface, and that can form adventitious roots at its nodes?
stolon
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Looking a photo of a plant, can you identify the stem, nodes, and internodes?
see the picture imagery before these questions
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Identify unique external features of shoots that distinguish them from roots
repeated node-internode spacing, buds, and specialized reproductive structures
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Describe ways in which stolons and rhizomes are anomalies.
they operate as "stems that pretend to be roots. They defy standard botanical rules by growing horizontally instead of vertically, bypassing sexual reproduction to create genetic clones, and storing energy in unconventional places
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Can you recognize different types of leaf arrangements on different plants you see?
Alternate (Spiral): A single leaf emerges at each node along the stem, alternating sides as you move up. The leaves often form a spiral pattern.
Opposite: Two leaves emerge from the exact same node on opposite sides of the stem.
Whorled: Three or more leaves are attached at a single node, creating a circular pattern or "collar" around the stem.
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Buds at the nodes can develop into one or more of three different structures. What are these three structures?
branches, leaves, and interfloresences
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What type of buds are found in the crotch between the leaf petiole and the stem?
axillary buds
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What are two examples of living organisms that symbiotically interact with roots? How do they differ in terms of the plants they infect and the benefits they provide?
In contrast to the Rhizobia bacteria, which only symbiotically interact with a narrow range of plants, Mycorrhizae (mycorrhizae is the plural of mycorrhiza) are fungi that grow in association with roots of a wide range of plants
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What purposes do roots serve beyond absorption of water and nutrients?
Roots of some plants can swell and store high-energy compounds like starch and sugar. Roots also store some protein and other nutrients, but the focus is typically on high-energy carbohydrates
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What external features clearly differentiate roots from stems?
no nodes, no internodes, no leaves, and no branching from regular spots
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