Upstream and downstream are used to distinguish which event happens when in relation to each other. SO something that's downstream of Enzyme A, happens after the activation of that enzyme. Something upstream happens first, and may need to happen in order for the next step to occur.

postsynaptic membrane is the membrane that receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarisation or hyperpolarisation

Autocrine signaling is a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or a chemical substance that binds to the receptors on the same cell, leading to functional changes in the cell,

Sum: 1. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB are crucial for many forms of neuronal plasticity1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, including structural long-term potentiation.

1. unknown whether BDNF release and TrkB activation occur during sLTP, and if so, when and where.

3) monitor TrkB activity in single dendritic spines with fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensor for TrkB

4) In response to sLTP induction9, 14, 15, 16, we find fast and sustained activation of TrkB

5)We demonstrate that this postsynaptic BDNF–TrkB signalling pathway is necessary for both structural and functional LTP2

CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) provide a major output of the hippocampus proper. They integrate information arriving directly from the entorhinal cortex via the temporoammonic pathway, and indirectly via the polysynaptic dentate gyrus–CA3–CA1 loop.

The hippocampus is involved in long-term memory formation and memory retrieval.

Long-term potentiation (LTP), used to study synaptic plasticity, is defined as an increase in synaptic strength underlying learning and memory and is characterized by long-term structural remodeling of several ECM and cell-surface molecules

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal survival and growth, serves as a neurotransmitter modulator, and participates in neuronal plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory

what is this?

why?