T

pre

The result is a mul-tisensory interaction that creates the illusion that the user is inside the com-puter

It also is one that is shared by an entire fandom of play-ers, making the tamagotchi a language or tool that fosters communication,communitas, and even identification with others.

It becomes embedded within aplayer’s everyday routines: from getting up in the morning and commutingto work or school on the train to shopping for dinner and going to the bath-room

Checking in every fiveminutes to ensure it was well fed, poop-free, and cheerfully entertained, Ibecame deeply attached to the plastic egg and the constant neediness issuingfrom it to me as its caregiver

responsibilities of adults (particularlymothers)

i is that itfeels more serious, meaningful, and real to them than other toys do. It “re-lies on me,” one eleven-year-old American boy told me; “it’s as if it were re-ally alive,” a ten-year-old American girl said. “This play literally changesthe player’s life,”

e from the sense of empowerment they gavechildren in being responsible for the care and fate of their virtual pet

helistens to music that at once decontextualizes the outside world and recon-textualizes it according to her own customized tastes

tools, both in the sense of being made of parts like silicone breast implants and inthe sense of being made of concepts like man, woman, and human

An android goddess knows that sheis made by the master’s tools, yet she still seeks to resist the master. An android god-dess is a figure of trans of color praxis. I side myself with the fugitive black androidshacking their own code to try to find freedom, as in Janelle Monáe’s Metropolis, theHumans television series, and many more examples in science fiction; with Cylonnumber eight, Sharon Valerii of Battlestar Galactica, who had an impossible hybridbaby, who knew that she was not just a machine but also a woman, a mother, and apart of her God; with the renegade clones of Orphan Black, who, as Roxanne Samerargues, offer new models of transfeminist kinship; and with homo sensorium, thetelepaths in the Wachowski sisters’ Netflix show Sense8 (

Wefound that tires, layered many times, such as eight layers deep, were able to stop a9mm bullet. We tested that caliber because it is the kind of bullet that George Zim-merman used to murder Trayvon Martin. I designed two dresses from recovered bul-letproof materials,

within a highly rigid regulatory frame

ongest strands are about nine inches long

against him but against hisidea

Of c o u r s e , inh ighly cerem o nial o c c a s i o n s , se ttin g , manner, a n d a p p e a r a n c emay all be r e la tiv e ly unique and s p e c if ic , u s e d only for perform a nce s of a s in g l e ty p e of routine, but su c h e x c l u s i v e u s e ofsign equipm ent i s the e x c e p tio n rath er than the rule

a s p a rt of th e ir perform ance c a n n o t b eg in th e ira c t until they have brought t h e m s e lv e s to the ap p ro p ria te p l a c eand must te rm in a te th e ir p erform ance when th e y le a v e it.

n t h e end, ourco n c e p t i o n of our r o l e b e c o m e s s e c o n d n a tu r e an d a n in t e g r a l p a r t of ourp e r s o n a l i t y

t i s in t h e s e r o l e s t h a t w e know e a c h o t h e r ; it i s in t h e s er o l e s th a t w e k n ow o u r s e l v e s

ally understand socialmedia genres we need to see them as feeds and analyse eachpost or image as a part of a series

I couldn’t help but feel that what that photographer saw was so wildly differ-ent from how I saw myself.

Earlycamera film was calibrated to provide good detail for white faces, but thelight sensitivity was so narrow that faces with darker skin were shownwith hardly any detail, with eyes and teeth often the only discernablefeatures

Partly thisis because we would prefer to remember the good moments, but it isalso because we know what we are supposed to document from havingseen other baby journals and photo albums and from having seen whichphotographs and stories our friends and family share with us, offline oron social media

Users who saw posts with more positive words used morepositive words in their own posts, and vice versa.

four of the characters

betweenness centralities (see Table 4).By way of contrast, in (i) only 44 % of male characters (17 nodes) have anon-zero betweenness, and only three of these have higher betweenness thanAelfflaed. Similarly, in Bede (ii), 41 % of male characters (18 nodes) have non-zerobetweenness,

57 male-male interactions; 1 female-female interaction; and26 male-female interactions. The anonymous Life (i), on the other hand, has 39 menand 8 women. There are: 58 male-male interactions; 0 female-female interactions;and 18 male-female interactions

Importance of Gender

50. These people were trapped in poverty, which persisted through the generations. The children of the poor wereunable to acquire a skill and had no inheritance, which, for example, left daughters without a d

mple, a high proportion of wage earners livtowns, while country dwellers in the far north depended osingle crop, oats, which som

unstable weather, animal disease, warfare and taxation

One cliché about peasants in the Middle Ages is that they ate only grain products, dark bread, and vegetables—particularly cabbage, turnips, beans, and peas—and drank water.

their possessions, including clothing but excepting a few typical and commonly used luxury objects, could not have been too far from peasant culture

but rather must be interpreted as a pattern of a general warning to others not to abandon the system of society; or as an effort to attack political adversaries by comparing them with fictionally disobedient peasants.

This means that they always had to wear or possess certain signs or characteristics that clearly made them "peasants."

Stories were never told from a pure interest in what the masses of society were doing; rather, they were didactic and satiric in order to motivate others to live a better life

bad example particularly to show the results of unjustifiably leaving one's given place in society

hey serve as examples of good by their simple and hard way of life;

posed to influence others, to have an emotional effec

Medieval attempts to describe "reality"—or better, what we might under-stand as reality—are rare and must be treated very carefully

(i) if peasant life was important for economic reasons; (2) if it seemed to be deviating from normality, from the order of the sys-tem, and thus might threaten the position of others with respect to their food, their dress, their social exclusiveness, and so on; (3) if it could serve as a positive or negative model for those who had deviated from certain rules of society, or could prevent others from doing this; (4) if it might amuse the members of higher social classes and in that way motivate them in different directions.

medieval literary works, or images, they were not often the readers, the audience, or the beholders.

not considered sufficiently important to be written down

Sources that emphasize the truth and reality of their contents may show medieval "truth" and medieval "reality," but not necessarily anything that we would understand as "our" truth or reality.

Teutonic

wecanguessatafewofthewaysinwhichtheywillalterourportraitoftheage,weshouldnottrytoanticipateheretheagendaforacentennialconferenceonHaskins’sRenaissance.

RELIGION

Introduction

inavia

Contents

thrinationoftheTwelfthCentury,7andsomeyearsbeforethatBrendaBoltonentitledabookthatfocusedonthetwelfthcenturyTheAleclievatReformation.6Thesescholarswerenotbeingcleverorcontrarian.Bothinfactweretryingtocapturethedeeplyreligiousaspectsofnvelfth-cenwrylifeandthoughtthatwereallbutignoredbyHaskins.BobMooretookadifferenttackwhenhecalledthetwelfthcenturyThefirstEuropeanRevotution.5This,again,wasnotacademicgamesmanship.Moore’sattentionwascaughtbysocial,economic,andinstitutionalforcesthatneitherHaskinsnorConstablenorBoltonhadintheirsights.Quiterecently,ThomasBissonpublishedamassivebookwiththeengagingtitleTheCrisisoftheTwelfthC’enntry.’°IftherewassomethingmildlyteleologicalinHaskins’sattempttotracemodernideasofprogressandoriginalitybacktothetwelfthcenturyBissonarguesthat“modern”government,oritsfaintbeginnings,aroseasaresponsetothelawlessnessandviolenceoftwelfth-centuryEurope.RobertL.BensonandGilesConstableentitledafamousbook,aboutwhichmorewillbesaidbelow,RenaissanceandRenewalintheTwelfth(7entu7y. Th

he

But in most areas, medievalists have movedbeyond the classical bias and the obsession with refuting Burckhardt to newparadigms for understanding the twelfth century and its position in the largermedieval landscape

the need to give full value to developments central to the twelfthcentury that were not necessarily foundational for early modern intellectualhistory, whether 'early modern' means the Renaissance, the Reformation, or theScientific Revolution.

24 A good starting point is EJ. Ashworth, cd., The Tradition of Medieml Logic and Speculotil'eGrammar from Anselm to the End of the Seventeenth Centurv: A Bihliographv from IX36Onwards (Toronto, 1978), updated by Fabienne Pironel, The Tradition of Medieval Logic andSpeculative Grammarfrom Anselm to the End of the Seventeenth Ce//furv (1977-1994) (Turnhout.1997). Among leading contributions, see I.M. Bochenski, A Historv of Formal Logic, 2nd cd., cd.and trans. Ivo Thomas (New York, 1970), part 3; G,L. Bursill-Hall, Speculative Grammars 0/the Middle Ages: The Doctrine of partes orationes of'the Modistoe (Tbe Hague. 1972); G.L.BursiII-HaII, Sten Ebbesen, and Konrad Koerner, cd., De ortu grammolime: Studies in Medieml

935):

pure arsserminocinalis and the first blossoming of the terminist logic

less influenced by the classics than were poets, he sees in their work the dawn ofhistorical criticism,3 an interest in people as individuals, not types,4 and anenthusiasm for exploration, discovery, and the imposition of European institu-tions and culture on non-Europeans that are hallmarks of modernity.s Haskinsnotes that historiography soon became vernacularized; increasingly, it was beingwritten by laymen for laymen, a phenomenon signalizing 'secularization'6 in hisview. Despite its subordinate status, then, prose did more than poetry to promotethe discovery of the world and of man, although in both cases the twelfthcentury did the Italian Renaissance one better by maintaining Latin as a livinglanguage of literary experimentation.7Aside from awarding the palm, in theory, to poetry but in practice, to prose,Haskins's treatment of literature is problematic in another way. While acknowl-edging that vernacular literature flowered in the twelfth century and whileagreeing that this literature is an important dimension of the century's 'color,change, and ... eager search after knowledge and beauty',X he declines to treat itsystematically. In an almost throwaway remark, Haskins does note that Latinand vernacular literatures 'run on lines which are often parallel and often crossor converge; ... we are learning,' he adds, 'that it is quite impossible to maintainthe watertight compartments which were once thought to separate the writingsof the learned and the unlearned. The interpenetration of these two literaturesmust constantly be kept in mind.'9 This insight is both valid and important. Yet,for Haskins the anti-Burckhardtian preoccupation with the demonstration oftwelfth-century classicism militates against any real effort to explore anddocument i