I really like this line. I think that these ideas Deighton mentions were about the time before Soviet and European/American tensions began. Spies were not well known yet, in some ways the modern American soldier was coming about, and as the Werner mentions, the Wall was expected to only last a few days. This shows how many "kids" had to grow up faster than expected because of these tensions and because these countries were on the verge of war.

Former Prime Minister Churchill condemns the Soviet Union's policies in Europe. This speech is considered one of the opening announcements of the beginning of the Cold War.

The main conclusion of this document is that the key intelligence used to justify the war with Iraq was unreliable. The Secret Intelligence Service failed to check its sources and would often rely on third party reports.

I feel like this is one of the most important sentences of the passage. Here, the author is stating why he mentions all the information above. The point of referring to all of these "extrajudicial executions" is to raise awareness so that basic human rights can be applied to everyone and that the government does not overstep these rights.

The Homecoming is a 2-part play and premiered in London in 1965 and New York in 1967 directed by Sir Peter Hall.The Broadway production won the Tony Award for the Best Play in 1967 and on it's 40th-anniversary, the production at Cort Theatre was nominated for a Tony Award in 2008 for Best Revival of a Play. Here we see Max's (a retired butchers) first son: Teddy, an American philosophy professor and Sam, Teddy's uncle who is a chauffeur.

Sillitoe plays into the cultural trend of the troubled youth.

Connecting to this week's lecture, I believe that Thatcher is referring to the Labour Government's promises of lower taxes, increased exports, lower deficit, and less inflation. However, the Labour Government was voted out of office because of the results: inflation and a national deficit.

Here we see Churchill's opinion on the appeasement of the Sudetenland and Czechoslovak State, which greatly differs from Chamberlain's.

Here, Chamberlain is agreeing to the appeasement of Sudetenland and the Czechoslovakian State

Air Raid Precautions (ARP) was an organization created in 1937 in order to protect civilians from air raids.The Raiders' Warden Service was created inside ARP to report bombings. Every local council was responsible for assigning wardens, ambulance drivers, search parties, etc. About 1.5 million men and women served ARP (aka Civil Defense Service) during WWII and about 7,000 died.

I see a parallel to today. Big cities hold many more homeless people than smaller cities, as Orwell is commenting on. And although there are some "well-dressed people and motor-cars," poverty is very evident.

Emile Berliner invented the gramophone/phonograph for sound recording and reproduction. He based his model off of Leon Scott's phonautograph. After main trials and errors, Berliner created a system which included coating discs with zinc, which ultimately became the model for all of the earliest disc records. https://www.loc.gov/collections/emile-berliner/articles-and-essays/gramophone/

Kipling wrote this poem about the Philippine-American war. He is encouraging the United States to take colonial control over the Philippines, and overall for the U.S. to take up the "burden" of empire like Britain and other European nations had. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5478/

This document is a great example of the racist attitudes present during this time. This even connects with the argument today, in Southern California between Americans and Mexicans.

This shows the complete arrogance and ignorance of Rhodes. The methods and cruelty that England would use to acquire and keep colonies was very sad and unfair to the people who were not given the privilege that Rhodes was.

This line really explains the struggles that women--and other minorities--have had to go through in order to get an equal voice in society.

It is interesting to see, even today, that violence can often erupt the most response.

Here's a connection to this week's lecture!

Dickens in referring to Angela Burdett Coutts. She was a philanthropists and was widely known as the "richest heiress in England." Burdett-Coutts and Dickens co-opened a home, called Urania Cottage, for young women who had "turned to a life of immorality," which included theft and prostitution.

The thesis of the document.

We've been studying gender in my sociology class and this line shows how much American culture has come from this point of view. In this time, men are only seen as manly if they take on the traditional role of the breadwinner and similarly, women are only seen as womanly if they bear children and raise them. The classifications of gender have changed dramatically--and are continuing to change. And although the conditions they work under and the reason they must work are heartbreaking, the introduction of woman and young girls into the workplace sets the tone for generations to come and will eventually lead the shift to a new norm of working women.

Even though it's well know that the role of women only recently shifted (in Western culture that is), it's still so shocking to read that only two hundred years ago women were still considered incapable of doing "men's work." It blows my mind how women can think so little of their abilities compared to a man. And it blows my mind that many societies in today's world still live by this mentality!

This definitely made me laugh out loud.

I looked up what exactly this job entails.

Piecers would mend broken threads, and were typically young, small girls. Scavengers would crawl underneath the machines to pick up scraps of cotton--which is where the job gets very dangerous. Similar to the lecture story of how the kid must be very fast as not to get crushed by the quick machine, scavengers risk getting caught in the machinery and losing hair or arms. According to BBC, many mill-owners thought factory work was easy--obviously this interview contradicts this notion.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/victorian_britain/children_in_factories/

The Prelude is an autobiographical poem that is very revealing into the details of William Wordsworth's life. Wordsworth called his work, "the poem on the growth of my own mind."

This is an important point that Wollstonecraft is making about the time period and the role of women. The role of women in this time is still very clearly motherhood. Changing this norm is very difficult because, as Wollstonecraft mentions, women don't have the ability to join the workforce and labor; a.k.a. "men's work." Much needs to change in order for women to incorporate this "first duty of individualism" into their lives.

Good advice

Being a Whig politician who served in Parliament in the late 1700s, Burke strongly believed that the government should respond to the needs of the people. This document is to warn the English people against the same enthusiasm of destructive change that the French had.

My favorite part in the movie:

Mr. Darcy: So what do you recommend, to encourage affection? Elizabeth Bennet: Dancing. Even if one's partner is barely tolerable.

This entire scene highlights the importance of marriage and the financial stability it comes with during this time. For a daughter, her main goal is to find a suitable husband so that she can start her own family. Mrs. Bennet's goal throughout this novel is to help her daughters find suitable--meaning rich and well-titled--men before her daughters become too old and less desirable.

Malthus is referring to the carrying capacity. This means that the region's resources are a limiting factor to population; once the region supports the maximum amount of people without degrading the land, a population reaches the carrying capacity.

This also directly connects with Deism. This sections explains that through observations of the natural world, we can begin to understand who we (humans) are and what our purpose might be.

Here's a throwback to high school physics. Newton's second law is describing how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force and is described by the formula:

F = m * a

"F" is measurement of external force, "m" is the mass of the object, and "a" is the acceleration. This law states that the force is equal to the change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. More info here: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/newton.html

What an absurd idea that the ghosts of her dead pets torture her so she can not "freely confess" to the crimes of witchcraft

Here's a connection this week's lecture. Margaret Simson's pets are being used against her by the court to prove she has used witchcraft. However, further in this little paragraph, it seems to say she spoke of the curse involving her pet.

This idea applies to the first step in the scientific method of observation. Every experiment begins with the observation of a natural phenomenon--which can certainly be done through the senses (sight, smell, touch, etc.). From there, one can develop a hypothesis and conduct research & evidence before making a conclusion.

Hobbes and Locke were both very influential to the founding fathers of the United States and their Declaration of Independence. Hobbes' ideas presented in Leviathan include the nature of men and woman freely pursuing and defending their interests. Hobbes helped form the basis of the Social Contract which was used by the founding fathers and Locke. However, Locke disagreed with Hobbes' idea that government should have absolute power over the people.

The foundation of the United States government was influenced greatly by Locke's ideas in this document. He states the idea of life, liberty, and justice along with the natural rights of the people. Locke also presents ideas of a legitimate government that the founders of our country used.

This idea of checks and balances was incorporated into our own government so that one branch of government could not dictate and take power over the others.

It's interesting to see the difference between the English Bill of Rights and the United States Bill of Rights. They are very similar in the sense of recognizing rights of the people, but obviously very different regarding the types of government in place. It's easy to see how the U.S. Bill of Rights was so revolutionary because the people were clearly taking full control over the government by electing a leader rather than allowing birth right to determine the leader, along with many other differences.

I think this is a really strong argument! The fact that the laws are set up for the people and all are subjected to the laws so the people should be able to decide what laws are put in place. "For the people, by the people..."

I think these few sentences provide the reasoning and explanation of Charles' protest. Although listed toward the end, I think this could be considered the thesis of the document because although he mentions all these ideas above, here they are clearly laid out.

This refers to the Charter of Liberties passed by King Henry I of England in 1100. It bound the king to certain laws regarding the treatment of nobility, church officials, and other individuals.

I think that this sentence would be the thesis of this document. It is stating that the king's duty is to take care of his land and all the people that live there. In the paragraph below, he is just explaining how he does this and all the particular powers he has in order to do so.

I find it a bit funny how King James is refering to himself as the "father" to the nation and his "children" who live there. Then, he goes on to say that "the king is bound to are for all his subjects." I feel like the word "subjects" is so impersonal and a bit righteous to say. It dehumanizes the people and I think it brings a big disconnection between the king and the people he is bound to protect. However, it is certainly not surprising coming from someone with such power and status.

So, overall Cranmer is accusing the pope of going against God's will. Trying to figure out why he thinks this... Any thoughts?

This line definitely depicts the view of woman during this time. If the queen herself refers to women as "weak and feeble" and that she has a noble heart that resembles a king's rather than a queen's. I wonder if gender roles would have evolved at a faster rate if powerful women like Queen Elizabeth openly respected and glorified women.

Here, Hamlet seems to be comparing death to sleep. Throughout this soliloquy, we can see the common thematic idea of life after death. Hamlet is pondering if people put up with burdens of life because of the unknown of life after death.

Thomas More's most famous work is Utopia. It was a forerunner of utopian literary genre. Its a work of fiction depicting a pagan and communist island where reason governs social and political customs. Utopia explories theories of punishment, state-controlled education, multi-religion societies, divorce, euthanasia, and women's rights.

It's funny to see in the first 1441 letter, she is asking for cloth to make a dress and girdles. Now, 8 years later, she is asking for crossbows and other weapons. These weapons seem to be more for defense from "Partridge and his companions."

Sciatica is a painful condition common in people 60+ years old. It is caused by a herniated disk or bone spur in the spinal nerve. Causes radiating pain in the spine and down the leg. The oldest known case of sciatica was documented in "Adab al-Tabib," an Iranian traditional medicine book dating back to the 2nd century AH (719-816 A.D.).

I don't understand the point of emphasizing that this cursed priest was from Ireland

I'm guessing this is referring to the seven deadly sins

Thomas Becket was the archbishop of Cantebury who was murdered. He was born around the year 1120 and was very well educated because his father was a merchant. He became an assistant of sorts to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theobald, who sent him on many missions to Rome. This got him noticed by Henry II, they became very good friends and Henry made him chancellor and later archbishop. However, Thomas began to take the Church's side on disagreements of Henry's actions. In 1164, Thomas fled in exile to France but returned in 1170. Four knights murdered Thomas in his return because they believed Henry would've wanted Thomas out of his way. Thomas Beckett was later made a saint in 1173 and was granted a shrine in Canterbury Cathedral. Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/becket_thomas.shtml

I think this is a really good argument for the peasants. By using the Bible, they are appealing to the religious aspects of society. And because religion was regarded so highly, they are using a "credible" source in terms of Christianity/Catholicism. If everyone derived from the same ancestors and everyone is of the same lineage, why are some superior to others?

The manor-house Darnhall originally belonged to the Earldom of Chester. After the last earl died in 1237, the property fell into the hands of the crown who passed the house to Lord Edward in 1254. Lord Edward gave the manor-house to the Order of Citeaux tobe converted into an abbey in 1270.

In this paragraph, you can clearly see the similarities of this town's charter with our own American government. We, too, elect representatives and councils to represent our interests to the government.

Again, this shows the power that the church and Christianity as a whole had over the laws and the king himself. The King could not change aspects of the town without approval from the leaders of the church. It's surprising that the kings would allow such restraint over their power.

I researched some information of Adelard of Bath, but majority of what is known about him and his life was provided by his testimonies, so much is unknown. Adelard is an Anglo-Saxon name. He was born and died in Bath, Somerset, but made many extensive travels to France, Italy, Sicily, Greece, West Asia, Spain, Palestine, etc. In his travels, he would have made contact with many Arabic teachers (which he mentions in this document). He learned Arab astronomy, Latin geometry, and much more. He often studied with the monks at the Benedictine Monastery in Bath. The ancient texts he brought back from his travels as well as the questions he raised would later contribute to the formation of the English Renaissance.

This is referring to The Anarchy, a civil war between the English and the Normands between 1135 and 1153. It started with a succession crisis when the accidental death of King William Adelin occured. His nephew, Stephen of Bois took power, but the first part of his reign was chaos as William's sister, Empress Matilda, raised a major rebellion. In the end, Stephen remained King.

This section reminds me of the Bill of Rights in our own Constitution. These laws are laid out clearly for the king to obey on behalf of the common people, much like our own amendments which limit the government's powers.

I find it funny how the pope refers to the Holy Roman Church as the "proper" teacher. What makes Roman Catholicism better than other religions? He preaches that this is one true way, but how does he know? It's funny how one man or woman, the king or the queen, can choose one religion for the entire kingdom to follow and how fast these state religions can change with the succession of new rulers. It must have been very confusing for the people.

So if the wound is "foul," the man will be proved guilty. If the wound was "foul," he might have died from it anyway because the medicine was not very advanced at the time. Many people would die from festered wounds because of infection or viruses. And if the wound was clean and the man named innocent, but the wound later got infected and the man died, then it wouldn't have mattered if he was named guilty or innocent because he died either way. This was a cruel test.

These "peasant dues" seem very excessive. Not only do they have to provide a huge amount of food, livestock, etc., they also have to perform these tasks "on their own time." On top of their daily work they have to do to survive and support themselves and their family, they must not have lots of time to themselves. This list of peasant dues shows how difficult life must have been for serfs and peasants.

I believe this to be St. Augustine's Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Canterbury. At this time, Lanfranc was appointed as archbishop of Canterbury by William the Conqueror, and he reformed the English church by establishing church-state relations and introducing both Roman and canon law to England.

This line stood out to me. Colman holds Anatolius' actions to both the law and the bible. This reminds me of the policy in our government, the separation of church and state. This emphasizes the importance of religion (specifically Roman Catholicism in this instance) in their culture, and how they compare their actions not only to the law, but also to their religious teachings.

This is surprising to see the lord's people fight on, even though he died. I think that most people would surrender if they witnessed their great, brave lord killed. I wonder what Ealdorman Brihtnoth of Essex did to earn such loyalty from his men.

To "besiege" someone, means to surround a person or a place with armed forces in order to capture it or force a surrender.

This reminds me of Gandhi's "an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind" quote. In the bible, this idea of revenge and vengeance are always looked down upon, encouraging kindness and humility in response to "evil."

The Anglo-Saxon men wore cloths made of animal skin, which was a very important part of their attire. It was typical to wear sheepskin. They would wear the skin facing outward and the fur facing inward, which would then be secured by sewing, lacing, or leather loops.

I found this sentence interesting! I visited Ireland this summer, and I got to tour some of these huge ancient burial mounds including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth (which were covered in the textbook!). Newgrange was huge, about 93 yards wide and 15 yards high (about one acre), but it only held about 4 corpses--supposedly the chief and his sons--while the line here indicates that the burrows held a large number of people. Perhaps, since there was a thousand year difference between the Stone Age (when Newgrange was built) and the Bronze Age, they used the burial mounds for more "commoners" rather than high-status individuals?