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There will also be a small percentage of students, with and without disabilities, who require more intensive supports and targeted interventions.

First

The evidence at trial traced the differences in the racial composition of the schools in the northern and southern halves of District 24 and the specific racial segregation at J 93, J 119 and the main I.S. 61 facility essentially to two interrelated factors: (1) District 24's use of a neighborhood school policy to assign students to school, and (2) natural demographic changes and presently segregated residential population 1246*1246 patterns which are reflected by the neighborhood school policy in the racial composition of the schools in the various sections of the District.

The Keyes court defined the essential elements of de jure segregation as "a current condition of segregation resulting from intentional state action," 413 U.S. at 205, 93 S.Ct. at 2696, and emphasized that the differentiating factor between de jure segregation for which northern school officials would be held legally responsible and de facto segregation for which they would not is "purpose or intent to segregate."

Thus, plaintiffs' claim, and an argument can be made out, that the optional assignment programs place the burden of bringing about improved integration in the City's schools on minority students.

Additional evidence concerning the present plans for I.S. 227 may be warranted in connection with this court's consideration of the question of remedy.

The Chancellor testified that he expected I.S. 227 to open as an integrated facility with a student population reflecting the racial composition of the two immediately surrounding districts. Districts 24 and 30 are both approximately 45% "other", 55% minority on a district-wide basis.

Chancellor Macchiarola testified at the trial to a plan to open the I.S. 227 facility as an intermediate school affiliated with Queens College and offering a somewhat special program for its students (Tr. 1694-1705). Although the terms of the special offering contemplated for I.S. 227 were rather vaguely presented, they appear to involve greater emphasis on the guidance function in the middle-level schools, development of what it was hoped will be a model program of bilingual education, and exploration of the untapped potential of middle school — as opposed to elementary or high school — education. The last feature in particular appears to stem from the interest and involvement of Queens College in the plans for the I.S. 227 facility. Chancellor Macchiarola testified that under the plan assignment to I.S. 227 would be on a voluntary basis and that applications for admission would be accepted from the entire borough of Queens.

Some of the people from the Ridgewood-Glendale communities who opposed Resolution 44 expressed concern about their children being bussed to school and stated a general anti-bussing position.

initial hopes for a majority vote at the Community School Board level in favor of using J 77 to eliminate the end-to-end sessions at I.S. 61 were effectively submerged in a flood of community opposition to the prospect of a substantial group of minority children coming into the southern end of the District. Eventually, the District 24 Community School Board gave in to this community opposition.

Also effective September 1972, as a means of relieving projected overutilization of J 125 in the northern half of the District, an option was granted to District 30 students zoned to J 125 to attend J 204 in District 30. It was projected that forty-five students, all minority, might avail themselves of this option. Apparently the reason it was projected that only minority students would avail themselves of this option was because J 204 is and was an overwhelmingly minority school. The projected impact of the extension of this option on the racial composition of the J 125 student body was an increase in the percentage of "others" (Defendants' Exhibit 24).

defendants attempted to explain both their actions and inactions later on as due to the relief expected from the construction of I.S. 227, since actual construction on that facility did not begin until 1974, and it was known that the construction of that facility would take several years.

Black Quotidian attempts to structure digital interaction as an act of joy

Long Island City, Jackson Heights, and Sunnyside