The initial clinical presentation is characterized by acute respiratory failure that typically requires mechanical ventilatory support. Upon examination, diffuse crackles can be observed, along with pink frothy secretions, a sign of alveolar edema.

pneumonia, aspiration, lung contusion, fat emboli, near drowning, inhalation injury, sepsis, severe trauma, and blood product transfusion.246

can be the result of an infection, direct injury to the lung tissue as with a blunt chest trauma or as a result of an indirect injury that is associated with systemic inflammation and elevations in inflammatory mediators such as in sepsis and mechanical VAP, which can precipitate further lung injury.179,244

amenable

Treatments using biofeedback are useful, particularly in a patient who has difficulty in perceiving the initial small correct responses or who may have a faulty perception of what he or she is doing.

2.2 liters

Adaptation denotes the diminution in the rate of discharge of some receptors on repeated or continuous stimulation of constant intensity; the sensation of sitting in a chair or walking on even ground is suppressed

most rostral part of the nervous system

prolonged expiratory portion of the inspiratory–expiratory duty cycle may be suggestive of a primary obstructive lung disease.

Digitalis

they tend to inhibit acetylcholine activity on many tissues throughout the body rather than exert anticholinergic effects on only the lungs.

Angiopathy

warfarin can be administered orally. There is, however, a time lag of 3 to 5 days before warfarin exerts its full therapeutic effects and reduces hemostasis to normal levels53

Bronchoconstriction may also occur in certain patients, if they have some type of bronchoconstrictive lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and they are also taking a nonselective β-blocker that affects the lungs as well as the heart.

coronary artery disease, is a progressive disease process characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the intimal layer of medium and large coronary arteries.

It is a commonly held belief that coronary artery occlusion greater than 70% produces myocardial ischemia, which in turn provokes the symptoms that bring the patient to the doctor’s office.

axial load

Although both PROM and AROM are contraindicated under any circumstance when motion to a part is disruptive to the healing process (Box 3.1), complete immobility leads to adhesion and contracture formation, sluggish circulation, and a prolonged recovery time

Assist circulation to the extent that active, voluntary muscle contraction does

This need not be a formal treadmill protocol with cardiologists in attendance.

level of subjective complaints of chest pain or shortness of breath (SOB) during exercise, for example.

More recently, researchers and social observers have decried how social media betrayed its promise to connect us, instead deepening our sense of isolation and anomie

Wound depth

results in reepithelialization

Since most of the lateral retinaculum arises from the ITB, excessive lateral tracking may occur if the ITB is adaptively shortened.2

Muscles

Overhead

In the presence of shoulder complex dysfunction (assuming systemic or serious causes have been ruled out), there are three likely causes:

Complete movement at the shoulder girdle also involves a complex interaction between the G-H, A-C, S-C, scapulothoracic, upper thoracic, costal, sternomanubrial joints, the upper thorax, and the lower cervical spine

These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example by coughing into a flexed elbow,

During CKC knee flexion, the femoral condyles roll backward and glide forward on the tibia.

movement at any portion of the kinetic chain will influence knee joint mechanics, necessitating examining the entire chain as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Glucocorticoids

impaired glucose transport and increases fat breakdown

destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, typically secondary to an autoimmune process.

based on the glucose environment.

islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, there are two main subclasses of endocrine cells: insulin-producing beta cells and glucagon secreting alpha cells.

T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices.

caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus, and the subthalamic nucleus along with the substantia nigra.

climb stairsholding onto a railing

walk at home, school, outdoors and in thecommunity.

OATS procedure

Most individuals at rest utilize 3.5mL of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute, which equates to 1 kcal/kg/hr.

In mosaicplasty, plugs of cartilage and bone are taken from a healthy cartilage area and moved to replace the damaged cartilage of the knee.

The surface usually is wet from broken blisters and alteration of the dermal vascular network, which leaks plasma fluid. Marked edema is a hallmark sign of this burn depth.

fever may be present if areas become infected

Symptomatic treatment of DVT consists of continuous infusion or subcutaneous injections of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) followed by long-term oral anticoagulants (warfarin [Coumadin]).

Aspiration, the penetration of food, liquid, saliva, or gastric reflux into the airway,

Lesions of the right parietal lobe of the nondominant hemisphere (usually the right hemisphere) typically produce perceptual deficits (e.g., unilateral neglect, anosognosia, apraxia, and spatial disorganization). Homonymous hemianopsia (a visual field defect) is also a common finding. The MCA is the most common site of occlusion in stroke.

most common characteristics of MCA syndrome are contralateral spastic hemiparesis and sensory loss of the face, UE, and LE, with the face and UE more involved than the LE.

Increased ICP typically leads to loss of consciousness, brain herniation, and possibly death.

proximal MCA produces extensive neurological damage with significant cerebral edema

Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome

The release of excess neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate and aspartate) produces a progressive disturbance of energy metabolism and anoxic depolarization, which results in an inability of brain cells to produce energy, particularly adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Torque production is decreased at all speeds resulting in activity limitations and muscle weakness.39-41

Individuals with PD experience difficulty during dynamic destabilizing activities such as self-initiated movements (e.g., functional reach, walking, turning) and perform poorly under conditions of perturbed balance.30

paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity ranges from 8% to 33% in patients with TBI in the ICU.56

Cardiac troponin is the cardiac biomarker of choice. Troponin is more specific and more sensitive than other biomarkers and becomes elevated relatively early in the disease process.

The “typical” presentation of NSTEMI is a pressure-like substernal pain, occurring at rest or with minimal exertion. The pain generally lasts more than 10 minutes and may radiate to either arm, the neck, or the jaw.

Coronary angioplasties are also often used as an emergency treatment after a heart attack.

A heart transplant is performed in patients with refractory acute and chronic heart failure