TheEburnean Orogeny is associated with significant gold mineralisation involcanic, volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks of the BirimianSupergroup

thousands of steps.

carbonatites and alkaline rocks

Dysprosium is also critical to high performance

saturation magnetization

phosphors

La acts as a hydrogen absorber in rechargeable batteries

recent advances made separation economically feasible

ontological

mining underwriting documents and juxtaposing financial logics with actual income, expenses and tenant turnover draws our attention back to the fact of property as bricks and mortar.

mining underwriting documents of CMBS

space

Building Indicator Project and the overleveraged property database

data-driven tactics contribute facts to “the war of ideas”.

extractive

The role of critical narratives in contesting financialization speaks to how rhetorical framing strategies can work to challenge the “discursive naturalization” of market logic, and chart alternatives

tightened credit markets led to Dawnay Day’s closure amidst insolvency in 2008,

This tactic illustrates the group’s understanding that East Harlem’s housing problems and displacement are intimately bound up in flows of global capital, and the ways financial actors can mobilize these flows in service of real estate development

7Finally, some activists reworked spaces of finance through building solidarities in the tracks of global capital flows

tenant associations held press conferences in front of buildings, posted signs to investors saying “don’t buy here” and “speculators keep out” in their windows (insert figure 3 about here), and conducted guided tours of deteriorated building conditions for politicians and the press

Based on these data, each unit faced a discrepancy of $605 per month; across all 9876 units this makes for a shortfall of $6 million a month and $71.7 million a year (insert table 2 about here). Data on tenant turnover assumptions is less readily available, but in three major portfolios, underwriting was based on assumptions that 20-30% of units would turn over within a year of purchase—actual turnover rates in rent-stabilized apartments range from 5-10% a year

re-inscribed hidden links between property as a distressed asset and property as distressed housing

CHPC’s analysis showed that buildings within 500 feet of overleveraged properties are more likely to be physically deteriorated and have more housing code violations; those within 250 feet are more likely to have serious housing code violations requiring emergency repair intervention by the city

Covering over 50,000 housing units owned by investors engaging in irresponsible real estate practices, it is the best measure of a phenomenon that is difficult to measure

A score of 800 or more “warrants examination to confirm probable physical and/or financial distress”

Speculators have been unjustifiably raising their estimates for how much rent they will take in after they buy the property and low-ball how much maintenance costs will be in order to get a larger mortgage from the bank. The larger the loan, the larger the fees the bank can take in, and then, similar to a subprime loan, the bank securitizes the mortgage on the secondary market”

For example, the New York City Council created the Predatory Equity Task Force, describing the problem as community organizations did

Community organizations see the activist community as “extraordinarily successful in creating this term ‘predatory equity’ and really getting it out there to policymakers, the politicians and the press

fallout of boom time speculation on the quality and supply of affordable rental housing.

private equity distressed debt market has evolved from a concept to a global investment market since the early 1990s

negative social externalities

ystematic harassment

The profit expectations and debt load associated with predatory equity deals were predicated on rates of tenant turnover in the range of 20% or more a year, whereas the typical turnover rate for rent-stabilized units is 5-10% a year

the encroachment of the financial into the non-financial: the city’s affordable rental sector has largely been a “financial backwater” (ANHD, 2009b, p. 8) because of the non-liquid nature of the assets, which return moderate profits of 7-8% a year taken as income (not capital gains). This encourages long-term ownership, making for a low-pressure market

Under these terms, the deals could only succeed by displacing tenants paying affordable rents and cutting back on maintenance costs.

uxury decontrol, without an inflation adjustment, “has morphed into an automatic deregulation machine,liberating units whenever strong demand pushes rents high enough” (

Furthermore, such high-risk lending practices intersected with older frameworks of racial inequality

rather than anchoring wealth in place via property, today mortgages facilitate global investment and the extraction of value from place-bound property

ith the extended reach of finance also comes the transmission of risk and volatility into the non-financial, participating in and potentially exacerbating already uneven geographies

hus to the production of urban space

Countertopographies trace contour lines that analytically connect geographically distinct places (such as the dynamics of dispossession linking informal settlements of the Global South with urban neighborhoods in the U.S., “and thereby enhance struggles in the name of common interests”

These narratives might serve as place frames (D. Martin, 2003) that respectively mobilize residents and make claims on elected officials, define and build community within a neighborhood and promote collective action across neighborhood boundaries.

Strategic positivism recognizes that research is always political, and thus represents an important aspect of working toward urban social justice.

via postmodern sensibilities of multiple meanings

understandings of community organizations as taking up multiple roles, producing alternative forms of knowledge and engaging in new spatial strategies.

more politicized approaches might focus on decommodifying land and housing

However this period was short-lived as federal policy shifted in the late 1960s from direct support of local political organizing to providing funding to cities and states for community economic development

(efforts to improve living conditions and quality of life)

alternative knowledge production and reimagined modes of spatial practice

how these changes have transformed the meaning and significance of mortgage capital in local communities, redrawing the relationship between housing and urban inequality

counter-topography

topology

financialization

neoliberal

discursive

deep energy retrofi t strategies

holistic energy performance,

New York City’s per capita emissions are now 5.8 MtCO2e per person, which is just over one-third of the American average of 17 MtCO2e per capita

To achieve our 80 x 50 commitment, citywide emissions from all sources will need to be reduced by 44.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) from a 2005 baseline by 2050 – or more than the total annual GHG emissions produced by the entire state of Connecticut

MOS works to minimize NYC's contributions to climate change from the waste, transportation, energy, and building sectors

City will study and develop implementation plan for carbon trading by Jan. 1, 2021

Limits from 2030-2034 are set to affect the most carbon-intensive 75 percent of buildings, with 25 percent under the cap,

FIGURE 3

URBAN GREEN’S

Millions of metric tons of CO2e b

Strong advisory board

some affordable housing to choose low-cost energy-saving

enewable energy credits and/or

than 25,000 square feet

No extensive areas of this sort are found. Part of the answer might lie in the generation of new continental material at a rate equivalent to eruption of new water.

Gravity measurements during the past half century have shown that the concept of isostasy is valid—in other words that a balance does exist.

hile this would remove three of my most serious difficulties in dealing with the evolution of ocean basins, I hesitate to accept this easy way out. First of all, it is philosophically rather un- satisfying, in much the same way as were the older hypotheses of continental drift, in that there is no apparent mechanism within the Earth to cause a sudden (and exponential according to Carey) increase in the radius of the Earth. Second, it requires the addition of an enormous amount of water to the sea in just the right amount to maintain the axiomatic relationship between sea level-land surface and depth to the M discontinuity under continents, which is discussed

islands.

‘The seismic velocity of layer 3 is highly variable; it ranges from 6.0 to 6.9 km/sec and averages near 6.7 km/sec, which would represent peridotite 70 per cent serpen-

The oceanic column is in isostatic equilibrium with the continental column. The upper surface of continents approaches equilibrium with sea level by erosion. It is thus axiomatic that the thickness of continents is dependent on the depth of the oceans.

his could possibly be recognizable in the difference of tectonic pattern in very old terrains as compared to present continental structure.

M discontinuity under continents vs. depth

The relationship between depth of the oceans, sea level, and the depth to the M discontinuity under continents is an axiomatic one and is a potent tool in reasoning about the past history of the Earth’s surface and crust.

If we multiply these various quantities, the volume of water leaving the mantle each year can be estimated at 0.4 km%.

this supplies the reason for uniform thick-

The topographic rise of the ridge must be attributed to the fact that a rising column of a mantle convection cell is warmed and hence less dense than normal or descending columns.

Where are the Paleozoic and Precambrian mid-ocean ridges, or did the development of such features begin rather recently in the Earth’s history?

Looking over the reported data on rates of sedimentation in the deep sea, rates somewhere between 2 cm and 5 mm/1000 yrs seem to be indicated.

he mid-ocean ridges could represent the traces of the rising limbs of convection cells, while the circum-Pacific belt of deformation and volcanism represents descending limbs.

This could be most easily accomplished by a convecting mantle system which involves actual movement of the Earth’s surface passively riding on the upper part of the convecting cell.

Remanent magnetism of old rocks shows that position of the magnetic poles has changed in a rather regular manner with time,

analyzed the spheri- cal harmonics of the Earth’s topography up to the thirty-first order.

Nevertheless, mantle convection is con- sidered a radical hypothesis not widely accepted by geologists and geophysicists.

layer of uniform thickness could be formed would be if its bottom represented a present or past isotherm, at which temperature and pressure a reaction occurred.

So we shall assume that the other half was extruded during the catastrophe.

not sufficient to produce a molten Earth.

gravitational energy into thermal energy

primordial single continent (

uniformitarian approach;

suggests an age for all the ocean floor of not more than several times 108 years.

hydration of mantle material starting at a level 5 km below the sea floor.

asymmetry.

The early stage encompassed precipitation of sulfides, silica and/or circulation of highly acidic metal-rich hydrothermal solutions through faulted carbonate blocks. Dissolution and intensive oxidation of primary sulfides, Fe+2 and Mn+2 in oxic and supergenetic conditions resulted in the formation of polymetallic oxides that represent the late stage

Fe-Mn-Zn oxides, forming a stratiform and strata-bound ore bodies in the lower unit of the succession

magnesite bed

rystal-chemicalparameter

β-factors are higher when the Zn-first neighbor bondlengths is smaller and charges on atoms involved in the bonding arehigher and vice versa

.Infact,willemitemayhaveformedduring a hydrothermal event (Brugger et al., 2003)

Hercynian orogeny

Other experi-mentsonisotopefractionationassociatedwithsorptiononFe-andMn-oxyhydroxides (e.g.Balistrieri et al., 2008;Bryan et al., 2015;Juillotetal.,2008;Pokrovskyetal.,2005)haveshownthatheavyZnisotopesare preferentially adsorbed, generating a positive ∆66Zn between theadsorbing phase and the solution

affinity constant

The main mechanisms causing Zn isotope fractionation at the Earth'ssurfaceareequilibriumisotopedistributionbetweendissolvedaqueousspecies (e.g. organic complexes) and equilibrium and kinetic effectscaused by interactions between solids and aqueous solutions (e.g.sorption, precipitation).

n terrestrialgeologicalsamples(i.e. sediments,igneous rocks and ores), δ66Zn values are clustered around +0.5‰,rangingfromca.−0.5‰to+2.5‰(

Strong negative isotopic shifts are almost only observed forlate crystallizing phases, such as those in vugs

artialdissolutionofprimarysphaleriteisfollowedby precipitation of an initial secondary phase that preferentially incorporates heavy Zn isotopes

(willemite - Zn2SiO4, smithsonite - ZnCO3, hemimorphite -Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O,hydrozincite-Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6,andsauconite-Na0.3Zn3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O)

Harland et al. (1990).

backstripping analysis

intermediate and intermediate—felsic

neritic

7000 m of clastic sediments

Late Permian to late Tertiary

polycyclic

remobilization of the REEs by DIR-induced dissolution of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides produced the positive Eu anomalies and high Sm/Nd ratios that are characteristic of the low-εNd and -δ56Fe component

Export of Fe to the deep basin by a microbial Fe shuttle occurred at least initially through aqueous Fe(II) generated by DIR

Oxidation of riverine Fe(II) could have occurred through either oxygenic photosynthesis or Fe(II)-oxidizing, anoxygenic phototrophs

In the coastal region, Fe was sourced to continental runoff, and oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) produced Fe(III) oxyhydroxides that settled in a proximal continental shelf setting.

Importantly, Eu is preferentially mobilized during microbial diagenesis in marine sediments, producing positive Eu anomalies in pore fluids relative to bulk sediments (32, 40) and implying that the positive Eu anomaly may not be a unique indicator for a hydrothermal source for BIFs as previously thought

Given the difficulty in producing the low-εNd and -δ56Fe end member through precipitation from a hydrothermal plume and direct oxidation of dissolved riverine runoffs, a process is required to actively pump low-δ56Fe Fe(II)aq into the Archean oceans from continental sources.

The εNd–δ56Fe variations indicate that the continentally sourced Fe has near-zero to negative δ56Fe values down to −0.8‰, whereas the mantle/hydrothermally sourced Fe has slightly to strongly positive δ56Fe values.

The relative slopes of εNd–δ56Fe variations (Fig. 2) are a function of the partition coefficients (Kd) for the REEs in iron oxides (28, 29) as well as the contrast in Nd-isotope compositions of the hydrothermal plume relative to the ambient ocean that had a continental Nd-isotope signature

The key question, however, is whether there was coupling between Nd and Fe or whether there was two end-member mixing for Fe as well;

The large range in εNd-values suggests mixing between a low-εNd continental source and a high-εNd mantle source for the REEs

The observed εNd–Sm/Nd trend suggests mixing between an end member that has low εNd-values and high Sm/Nd, reflecting microbial iron cycling of continentally derived sediments, and an end member that has high εNd-values and low Sm/Nd, reflecting partial oxidation of hydrothermal fluids

finest scale banding (microbands) reflects annual or varve-like bands

Overall, there is a broad positive correlation between the δ56Fe and εNd-values

Measured Fe- and Nd-isotope compositions reveal a large variation in both isotope systems: from −0.83‰ to +1.30‰ in δ56Fe and −2.2 to +3.0 in εNd

The Dales Gorge member is ∼160- to 140-m thick

leads us to a dual-source model for Fe in BIFs, including a hydrothermal component that has mantle-like Fe- and Nd-isotope signatures and a continental component that contains crustal Nd and isotopically light Fe derived from microbial iron shuttle.

Difficulties in models that invoke partial oxidation of hydrothermal Fe(II) include the fact that only small quantities of Fe that has low-δ56Fe values are produced by such a process, which is problematic for explaining Fe-rich rocks, such as BIFs.

More recent work, particularly the combination of Nd isotopes and REEs, suggests a more complex origin for REEs in BIFs, where a significant component is sourced to the continents

Moreover, the Vancouver Island area accounts for a significant portion of local fishingand aquaculture.

most fertile

Indigenous

ideally cold winters,mild and rainy winters.

The climate

ydrologists, geomorphologists, biogeochemists, ecologists, and climatologists

topographically controlled groundwater systems

deep groundwater, recharged infirst‐order catchments, sub-sidizesflows to their parent watersheds

mountainous regions

Pleistocene meteoric recharge

tritium

three inches of mould had been prepared by the worms in the course of fifteen years

whole operation is due to the digestive process of the com-mon earth-worm.

eparate in so short a time the fine from the coarse earth,

fine particles of earth mixed with decayed vegetable matter

vegetable mould two inches and a hal

burnt marl

About three years ago cinders also had been spread on this field ; but when I examined it, they were buried at the depth of one inch

At two inches and a half be-neath this, or about three from the surface, a layer of lime, or a row of small aggregated lumps of it, formed a well-marked white line around the holes.

vegetable mould

For sheep, he says, learning how to effectively exploit their environment takes around 50 to 60 years. Moose need closer to a century.

found that the whales favor areas with unusually low year-to-year variation

were strongly correlated with 10-year historical averages of chlorophyll.

measuring the concentrations of chlorophyll in different patches of ocean.

licy. Most important, it is seldom realized that a pivotal goal is slowing the evolution of resistance and that, without this, all successful pest and disease control strate- gies are temp

d, in every new case, human-mediated evolution tends to catch us by surprise, and strategies to reduce or stop it are invented from scratch. For example, cyclic selection has been invented at least three times (for control of insects, bacteria, and HIV), IPM at least three times (insects, weeds, and bacte- ria), and drug ove

ns, greatly re- ducing the number of offspring homozygous for the resistance allel

69). If farmers plant a fraction of a field with non-toxin-producing crop varieties, and allow these to be con- sumed by insects, a large number of nonre- sistant pests are produc

). Slow evolution can come from two sources. First, the multiple control mea- sures used in IPM reduce reliance on chem- ical treatments, thereby reducing selection for chemical resistance. Second, physical control of populations (e.g. through baiting, trapping, washing, or weeding) reduces the size of the population that is exposed to chemical con- trol. Smaller populations have a reduced chance of harboring a mutation, thereby slowing the evol

) do not use the same herbicide 2 years in a row on the same field, and (ii) when switching herbicides, use a new one that has a different mechanism of a

). Similarly, farmers are advised to check their fields after pesticide treatment and then to change the chemical used in the next spraying if many resistant individuals are discover

Screening for resistance before treatm

ing the most powerful drugs. The

t-obse

their use is limited by drug toxicity: ategies, often extreme doses can have physiological or eco- gh a combina- system side effec

e evolution of resistance. The evolutionary acluded in this biology hidden in this strategy is simple: a of HIV evolu- strong, multiple-drug dose leaves no virus able to reproduce, and so there is no geneti- in the United cally based variation in fitness among the or these exam- infecting viruses in this overwhelming drug exceeds $100 environment. Without fitness variation, there social price of is no e

Independent of their theoreti nings, the following exampl successful methods often sl for clear evolutionary reasi these approaches may be

Thus, evolution expands the cl; that are medically manageable cally incurable.

s, evolution sparks an arms race be- tween human chemical control and pest or disease agent, dramatically increasing costs that are eventually paid by consumers (7, 11). For example, the new drugs linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin were recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Ad- ministration (FDA) for use on vancomycin- resistant infections (48). Previously, vanco- mycin had been used to overcome methi- cillin resistance (10), and methicillin was itself a response to the failure of penicillin treatment (13). This development cascade (Fig. 2

These efforts effectively increase the rate of generation of new traits-akin to in- creasing the rate of macromuta

Partial treatment of infections with subopti- mal doses leads to partial control of the in- fecting cell population and creates a superb environment for the evolution of resistant bacter

(30, 31). Rates of human- mediated evolutionary change sometimes ex- ceed rates of natural evolution by orders of magnitud

ecies introduced by humans induce evolution in species around them

6). The virus that causes AIDS, human immunodeficiency vi- rus-1, evolves so quickly that the infection within a single person becomes a quasi-spe- cies consisting of thousands of evolutionary variants (1

The Pace of Human-Induced Evolution

ce. The importance of human-induced evolutionary change can be measured economical

2). Some insects are tolerant of so many different insecticides that chemical control is usele

. Slowing and controlling arms races in disease and pest management have been successful in diverse ecological and economic s

ms. Such changes are apparent in antibiotic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resis- tance to drugs, plant and insect resistance to pesticides, rapid changes in invasive species, life-history change in commercial fisheries, and pest adaptation to biological engineering produc

we showed here that sucha cost actually occurs and leads to a rapid selection agains

First, dispersal ability was not estimated in the field butin a common greenhouse, which allows us to interpret popula-tion differentiation as the result of directional genetic selectionin fragmented patches.

The Breeder’s equation,Rh2
S

qualitatively consisten

Fig. 1.

Given that suitable habitats are scarce in urban environ-ments (1% of the total area), this experiment demonstratesthat the cost of dispersal is high in urban fragmented popula-tions, compared with large unfragmented populations

To test this hypothesis, we first quantified the cost of dispersalin urban populations by using artificial patches mimicking urbanpatches. Second, we measured population differentiation fordispersal ability (R-ratio) in a greenhouse and showed a reduceddispersal rate in urban patchy populations. Last, we used quan-titative genetic modeling tools to validate the scenario of short-term reduction of dispersal caused by the cost of dispersal inurban patchy populations.

R-ratio

trees on the sidewalk in the city of Montpellier (South ofFrance),

allogamous

An unequivocal demonstration