students seeking broad exposure to the arts and sciences should not be burdened with acquiring workplace skills

Among professional disciplines, only health-care and teacher education stressed the importance of workplace learning.

which proposed to "erase the artificial distinctions between studies deemed liberal … and those called practical'' and suggested that professional studies—such as business, education, health sciences, and engineering

The College Board Review in 1990

Some liberal arts faculty members resented teaching students whose central interests were professional. But others recognized that contemporary students were simply trying to arm themselves for a highly uncertain and competitive job market.

Johns Hopkins.

"3/2" programs: three years of liberal arts and two years of professional study, leading to two degrees.

and to bring college closer to adult life by incorporating nonacademic experiences into undergraduate programs.

the very distinction between the 'liberal' and the 'vocational'

while institutions began to focus on strengthening their distinctive qualities rather than on becoming mini-Harvards.

"erosion of standards" taking place.

"canon"

many campuses tried to recast themselves in the image of the Ivy League. New and expanding public universities modeled themselves on top-tier research institutions.

"modern,"

first to veterans, then to the broad middle class, and finally to the truly disadvantaged.

"A main theme [of our work] is the desirability of a greater diversity of programs to match the greater diversity of students."

The percentage of young people seeking college admission, which had risen steadily since 1945, began to level off, and some feared it might actually decline.

Practice-oriented education began taking shape amid the turbulence of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

builds bridges between the realm of the intellect and the arenas of action and practice

is a curricular "third way" that systematically integrates liberal education, professional education, and off-campus experience to produce college graduates who are both well educated and well prepared for the workplace.

professional fields;

professional fields;

paradigm

"illuminate ... the minds of the people at large,"

he sciences on top of topics such as sewing and carpentry.

the more dissatisfied he became with his condition and the deeper he yearned for freedom

The reading of these documents enabled me to utter my thoughts and to meet the arguments brought forward to sustain slavery."

anthology, which drew from sources ranging from speeches to play excerpts,

anthology, which drew from sources ranging from speeches to play excerpts,

who eventually taught himself literacy and later described his experience reading The Columbian Orator,

"The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege."

relied on a web of mental and spiritual coercion

"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man,"

the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

Project Lead the Way.

But the liberal arts offer more than indirect economic benefits. They can, for example, nurture the thoughtfulness important in a free society.

"we have to out-educate the world and that starts with a strong school system."

restore middle-class security

many policymakers assume that public education’s principal goal is to teach students marketable skills so that they can become productive economic actors

Douglass well understood the weight of chains and the yearning to break free;

"Education…means emancipation,

Frederick Douglass argued that learning and liberty went hand in hand

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