determine how being among other people changes our own behavior and patterns of thinking.
When we are around someone consistently, we tend to pick up their way of talking and their habits. I find this very interesting because just as we meet new people and adjust our social standings, so does our minds change and evolve to fit the energy of the other person.
Bipolar and related disorders
feature. Mania
An interesting disorder, I have not heard of it before but have definitely seen the symptoms.
People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A couple of my family members have OCD and I can always point out what they focus on.
social contagion,
I have heard a lot about social contagion being a big tribute to the dancing mania, just like watching someone else yawn makes you yawn.
etiology,
etiology: the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
APA.) The first edition of the DSM, published in 1952, classified psychological disorders according to a format developed by the U.S. Army during World War II
It's amazing that technology like that has been developing for several years, because it helps the future versions learn from the past.
The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life
Inn the video that talked about anxiety, this led to Carson being uncomfortable a lot of the time, whether he was in public on a show or not. Many of the clips that were shown were when he would be preparing to go live, and couldn't stop fidgeting. This is his way of calming the anxiousness and controlling it.
Thus, someone who makes eye contact with you could be considered appropriate and respectful or brazen and offensive, depending on your culture
Different cultural norms are also why it's so important to briefly look over the common habits and rules of a place before visiting.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
I think the TAT test is more likely to be more informative because the viewer has to not only describe what they're seeing, but also give lots of detail to the story behind it. Depending on what the viewer wants to know, I think one test would shine beside the other.
Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values.
But just like it was stated in the video, you shouldn't judge someone's personality based on where they live.
He developed a personality assessment based on these 16 factors, called the 16PF.
This sounds very similar to the personality test we have online nowadays.
Self-efficacy is our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences. Self-efficacy affects how we approach challenges and reach goals. In
Important to remember*
believed that environment was solely responsible for all behavior,
I believe that the environment plays the main role when it comes to personality and behavior.
He proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents’ attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers.
As the oldest sibling, I have indeed become an overachiever.
the inferiority complex
Similarly, in the human psyche, if a memory is too overwhelming to deal with, it might be repressed and thus removed from conscious awareness (Freud, 1920). This repressed memory might cause symptoms in other areas.
I have had times where I have had to recall something that was a bad experience, and was not able to remember most of it.
treating Anna O. and discovered that allowing her to talk about her experiences seemed to bring some relief of her symptoms. Anna O.
Isn't that what would now be known as therapy?
For example, the choleric person is passionate, ambitious, and bold; the melancholic person is reserved, anxious, and unhappy; the sanguine person is joyful, eager, and optimistic; and the phlegmatic person is calm, reliable, and thoughtful (Clark & Watson, 2008; Stelmack & Stalikas, 1991).
What an interesting way to distinguish the different personalities!
idiosyncratic
idiosyncratic: relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual.
Theories of Emotion
distorted body image, referenced in literature as a type of body dysmorphia, meaning that they view themselves as overweight even though they are not.
Unfortunately, social media has made this even more of a problem. It makes it easier for people to compare themselves with people they see online.
Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
Very interesting, I will have to remember that for when I am working or studying.
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Personally, I have found that motivation is a main part of my life and has led me to become the person I am today.
permissive style of
I had a couple of friends with parents like this, and most of the ended up using substances and going out on their own.
by 6 years old the brain is about 90% of its adult size (Tanner,
To think about how rapidly a child's brain grows in size is amazing, I had no idea that it expanded so quickly.
witness the grasping reflex,
Babies have such a strong grip.
sensorimotor stage,
I have actually heard of this stage before, but I had no idea it would be spelled like that
we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.
https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740
As you can see, our development is influenced by multiple contexts, so the timing of basic motor functions may vary across cultures.
Development in heavily influenced by our environment, babies will develop the skills to do something if they are more required to by their environment.
To what extent is the adult you are today influenced by the child you once were?
Although I don't act like a child, I still think like a child and enjoy many kids movies. I have kept a lot of my innocence from when I was a child as well.
Get enough sleep:
Recognition
recognition: identification of someone or something or person from previous encounters or knowledge.
Episodic memory is
Remember- episodic memory = an episode of your life
It is not there on your desktop (your short-term memory), but most of the time you can pull up this information when you want it.
Another example of this could be trying to remember important events that are happening later in the day, without writing them down but simply relying on memory.
Visual encoding is the encoding of images,
Would this be related to photographic memories?
absentmindedness
So many times I have walking around a holding stuff in my hands and then a couple of minutes later have no idea where it is.
must lock those memories away
I haven't ever experienced something like child abuse, but I have noticed that whenever I have a bad experience, I tend to forget about it pretty quickly and then don't remember it until someone else brings it up.
With anterograde amnesia, you cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury.
This reminds me so much of the Adam Sandler movie 50 First Dates.
The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing.
Similar to how we remember information better if it relates to us, memories have more of an impact when they bring out strong emotions.
In a related story, parents of African American students filed a case against the State of California in 1979, because they believed that the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children (Larry P. v. Riles).
I don't agree with the use of the IQ test to identify other mental illnesses. Not only was it pointing fingers at other ethnical groups, but also was trying to explain something that could not be done using their technology.
each person possesses at least eight intelligences.
I had no idea there were so many different categories for intelligence, the only ones I learned about were street smarts and book smarts.
crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJVA19DQXGA A visual description of crystallized and fluid intelligence.
Another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal or task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps.
Just like the case study assignment!
A heuristic is another type of problem solving strategy.
I've never heard the word 'heuristic' before, although it sounds like a well-known word?
However, the Dani were able to distinguish colors with the same ability as English speakers, despite having fewer words at their disposal (Berlin & Kay, 1969).
That's really cool!
biologically determined.
I'm not sure which side I would agree with. Although, I have been known to be a bad test-taker, like my mom was in high school.
Syntax refers to the way words are organized into sentences (Chomsky, 1965; Fernández & Cairns, 2011).
Remember: phonemes and morphemes are the sounds and characters of a language; semantics and syntax are part of the language's grammar.
A role schema makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave (Callero, 1994).
Another example of this could be the hero and the villain in a movie or comic book.
Cognitive psychologists
Could cognitive psychologists not only study the minds of their patients, but also their own minds?
In observational learning,
I find that I learn a lot faster through observational learning, where I can imitate someone else while also trying it for myself.
radical behaviorism
radical behaviorism: a psychological concept that delves into how our environmental factors influence our state of mind.
They also are secondary reinforcers.
Secondary reinforcers are a very interesting topic, another example could possibly be going out to dinner with your family for acing a test.
John B. Watson
Born in 1878, John B. Watson was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school.
Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Important to remember
In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, they had learned to associate the tone (CS) with being fed, and they began to salivate (CR) in anticipation of food.
I give my dog a treat after he eats breakfast and goes outside, and now, when he finishes doing those things, he looks up at me and waits for his treat.
However, dogs don’t naturally salivate at the sight of an empty bowl or the sound of footsteps.
If you are interested in learning more about the details of the experiment, this is a link to a slight reenactment and explanation: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asmXyJaXBC8)
Can you think of something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?
This kind of reminds me of the selective attention video from the last chapter.
Our perceptions can also be affected by our beliefs, values, prejudices, expectations, and life experiences.
The selective attention test video was a lot of fun, I used to do things like that when I was younger and I could always pick out where it was. The only thing I noticed during the second round was that the cups changed from blue to green, other than that I was too distracted by the pink cups.
This is known as sensory adaptation.
Another example of this is when we stay in a bad-smelling room for long enough, we no longer notice the smell.
Bottom-up processing refers to sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process, and top-down processing refers to knowledge and expectancy driving a process, as shown in Figure 5.2 (Egeth & Yantis, 1997; Fine & Minnery, 2009; Yantis & Egeth, 1999).
It sounds like, in more simple terms, bottom-up processing is like our immediate reaction to something in the environment and top-down processing is us relying on previous knowledge to expect something. (?)
It turns out that this notion of five senses is oversimplified.
I think they may be oversimplified so they are easier to remember. We learn about the five senses from a very young age and summarizing them with one words is easier to learn.
According to Gestalt theorists, pattern perception, or our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, occurs by following the principles described above.
Perception can be different from person to person because we are each built differently and have different personalities. Personalities also contribute to how we perceive things.
Taste buds have a life cycle of ten days to two weeks, so even destroying some by burning your tongue won’t have any long-term effect; they just grow right back.
Have there been any cases where the taste buds have not grown back? I think I know someone with similar circumstances...
Other people suffer from conductive hearing loss, which is due to a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea.
It is interesting and also somewhat concerning that headphones are so close to the decibel level that contributes to hearing loss.
Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.
It is fascinating just how many different little steps go into us being able to hear
Linear perspective
Another good example: (https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDepth_perception&psig=AOvVaw1DVR3dzuisert2uh4V7m-l&ust=1687288563823000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIjDkO6F0P8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE)
retinal ganglion cells.
I have never heard this word before, the pronunciation of it is quite funny.
Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vøllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013).
Yoga is another form of meditation, and not only can help calm the mind and body but also provides a good stretch.
These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis.
TED talk on how hypnosis works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXIRq6LxYFk
Stimulant users seek a euphoric high
Wouldn't they experience an extreme crash with such a dramatic euphoric feeling?
psychological dependence
Just like an addiction.
to spend approximately 25 years of our lives
That is a crazy statistic. Considering how much my dog sleeps, I would be curious to know how much f his life he sleeps through.
sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis.
Sleep debt: 'Sleep debt or sleep deficit is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep.'
Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures.
Wow! I had no idea. It would be cool to compare between ourselves and other animal species.
Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake.
I.e. when we are having a conversation with someone and zone out so they have to repeat what they were saying.
adrenal glands
I didn't know about the adrenal glands, but it their purpose makes sense considering that their name is so similar to adrenaline.
Michael Gazzaniga
Professor of psychology at UCSB
antagonist
Just like what an antagonist does in the story!
In simple terms, this means that an incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation.
Another example of this would be jumping as high as you can to touch a bar. You either touch it or you don't.
Most traits are polygenic:
Other examples are eye color and body shape.
theory of evolution by natural selection (Figure 3.3). In simple terms, the theory states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
The theory of evolution can be used to back up many strange occurrences in nature and was published with Darwin's book 'On The Origin Of Species' in 1859.
Researchers must design their experiments to minimize any pain or distress experienced by animals serving as research subjects.
Animal testing can be cruel, but I did recently hear about a new way to testing treatments that does not require animal subjects. I can't quite remember the details but it was something along the lines of a pill that replicated human DNA and was even more accurate at showing the results of an experiment than animals.
In recent years, there has been increasing concern about a “replication crisis” that has affected a number of scientific fields, including psychology.
This could also lead to some sort of plagiarism though, right?
the research is described clearly enough to allow other scientists to replicate it,
That is very interesting, I had no idea that peer reviewed journals were meant to be so specific that the experiment could be replicated.
An operational definition is a precise description of our variables, and it is important in allowing others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment.
Important to remember
Often we read or hear about them and simply accept the information as valid.
Another reason we should do our own research before accepting a claim.
Another potential weakness of surveys
If the surveys are voluntary, there is a higher chance for the results to be skewed one way. For example, a group that feels more strongly about what is being asked will respond more than the people that don't care.
in order to test inter-rater reliability: a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.
Important!
Why would they do this?
Additionally, wouldn't the researcher be limited in the amount of data and variation of data they could collect? If only a certain amount of people are studied for several years, isn't there a point where the researcher runs out of material to study?
studies that rely primarily on observation produce incredible amounts of information,
Observational data also can only be used in some context, because it does not apply any change to the population/environment.
Unlike deductive reasoning, conclusions drawn from inductive reasoning may or may not be correct, regardless of the observations on which they are based. For
This seems like it would be important to remember
inductive reasoning, real-world observations lead to new ideas (Figure 2.4).
I have not heard of inductive before, but the concept seems easy enough to grasp and makes sense.(https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide%2F6293713%2F&psig=AOvVaw24gP496994wY7DOrvKXtOg&ust=1686595235010000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCJCwkYHvu_8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI)
Until sufficient amounts of research have been conducted, there will be no clear consensus on the effects that technology has on a student's acquisition of knowledge, study skills, and mental health.
Part of the reason we cannot figure out whether the internet and technological devices are ultimately beneficial or harmful to brain development and human health is because devices like phones are fairly new. Only time will tell.
by an authority figure (in this case, a man dressed in a lab coat).
It is true that people are more likely to follow directions when being led by someone who looks like they know what they're doing and have experience. People are also very much like sheep, and follow the main idea of the public.
Tolman (1938) stated,
I don't think I would agree with Tolman, even though there are definitely several other species that can analyze like humans, experiences and environment are what set us apart.
understanding inner experience.
I think that with our current technology, psychologists might be able to get pretty close to viewing the inside of one's mind, however, the inner workings of the brain are very complex and I believe that it may still take several years before technology will be able to accurately show someone's conscious and unconscious processes.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades
Important +remember the role of childhood experiences!
more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts,
Not only it is important to look at how each section of the brain functions on its own, but also how each piece works together to reach a conclusion.
Psychology students hone critical thinking skills
While I think that psychology students may have an astute ability to think critically, I do not believe that that ability is limited to one field of study. In fact, many different occupations used critical thinking daily.
It was not until the late 1800s that psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline.
What changed? I'm sure there were several people before the 1800s that had questioned their existence and their purpose, but why did it take so long for psychology to be recognized as its own academic discipline?