oavoidthestereotypeoftheBadBlackMan,PresidentObamaperformshisidentityaslessmasculine,morefeminineandcommunity-oriented.’

especiallymen whodonotconformtomas-culinegendernorms

his contemporary culture of memory is in part a response or reaction to rapid change and to a life without anchors or roots.

modernity

the following aspects can be shown to be characteristic of the capital-ist mode of production and of societies shaped by capitalism: (1) private own-ership of the means of production and a separation between producers andthe means of production; (2) the existence of a free labor market; (3) theaccumulation of capital, and, as a consequence, (4) an orientation toward theexploitation of capital, thus toward gain instead of need, toward the cultiva-tion of capital instead of the consumption of it or subsistence on it. Finally,(5) under capitalism the market typically functions as a coordinating mecha-nism for the allocation, as well as the distribution, of goods, such that capital-ism and the market economy are closely bound—though not identical—toone another.

Yet, many of these diagno-ses turn on cultural criticism and cultural pessimism, which tend, in each case, tonostalgically romanticize previous ways of life, along with their products, prac-tices, and customs.

The moral or narrowly justice-oriented critique would, accordingly, haveto rise to the analysis and critique of capitalism as a mode of production(and, further, as a form-of-life) in order to approach capitalism as a specificproblem. The problems that are moral in the narrow sense are not thereforemerely unsolvable; they cannot even be understood if we do not conceive themagainst the background of the capitalist form-of-life broadly conceived

criterion of functionality and nonfunctionality is not“freestanding.”

bad (e.g., an alienated) life

Celebrity

In addition, lesbian, gay, bisexual, intersex,transsexual, and others with non-traditional sexual and/or gen-der identities tend to be attacked online at a much higher rate(two to four times higher) than their heterosexual counterparts

Twitter

Following the crisis in Argentina in 2001, thelinks between debt sustainability, sovereign defaults, and currency crises againattracted the attention of the economics profession

third-generationmodels – which focus on moral hazard and imperfect information. The emphasishere has been on ‘excessive’ booms and busts in international lending and asset pricebubbles.

The first-generation models focus on the fiscal and monetary causes of crises

speculative attacks

currency crisis occurs when investors flee from a currency en masse out of fearthat it might be devalued. Currency crises are episodes characterized by suddendepreciations of the domestic currency, large losses of foreign exchange reserves ofthe central bank, and (or) sharp hikes in domestic interest rates

whichhasbecomemoreexclusionary,Marginalizing,obfuscatingorpushingandleay-ingoutlargenumbersofotherwomenwhodo notlookyoung,supple,girlishorWhiteandhetero-sexual

10

hypersexualization is the combination of a multitude of sexualized attributes—body position, extent of nudity, textual cues, and more—the cumulative effect of which is to nar- row the possible interpretations of the image to just, as de Beauvoir (1949) wrote, “the sex.”

preva- lence of pole-dancing exercise classes for women

The critique of reason, for Kant andeven more emphatically for his successors, was essen-tially a project that aimed to understand the actuality ofhuman freedom — the critique of reason is at once thedemonstration of rational life as a free life

sjued uoren “B91 Sty fo yayood ayy oyu! WY papueYy UeUI 1ay}O ay} AguoW ay} payony pure ‘asinoo jo ‘sad ples uewaoyod ayy,

‘seropertmnbeuw a jO alsem ay} yim Buoye dn paid ssajjamp uinys ayi jo ysen ayy Puno} sem UBUIOM pkap ay] alaym dump ay) uy

oTaA payoo] Aay) Aisnp os ‘a]pprtu ay] UT OA pue 1dUI09 Yoea je 9UO ‘Saar XIS eam aloy] ezefd ay] uy

“pein 308 ay jnun 10 ‘payeqe ysnypooyq pure ‘uopesadsexa ‘Ainj sty [HUN oYpaut afi paseo guedieys apy ay) aig e 104

RD Jay [Bays

“pyryo wo aZueyo LUppNoOm euljaD esiNny vay "sy aul 0 aes ayy sem ‘epaayndas sooreja] Jou “oy Fe yysnoy} ay “a ‘ dIYM ‘SUOTJE[aI aSAY} 0} PU ue in -aq ‘Wdaoae 0] pasnjer OIOWOY YI . Pe oan ad ‘queudaid sem ays Jey} SULUIe9] UOd

aaly e ut Aeme Apog aya ind

“],UaIaM Aayi ing ‘plo payxyoo, Usurom ay] ‘s0ue} -SIP & UIO1] U9agG ‘Sutkeid ‘spaaM ay} Ul Suljaauy “‘pelaaod speay Joy) YIM atom OM) SsOIDR aUTeD BY WOOS

Study 3 was a survey-experiment con-necting the findings from Studies 1 and2, allowing us to test whether costly fail-ure disproportionately affects women’sleadership ambitions because of expectedgender discrimination

Study 2 was a survey-experiment thatexamined how the costliness of leadershipfailur

We test our thesisusing three interconnected studies. Study1 was a survey designed to establish thatlaypeople are aware that women leadersface gendered sanctions for failure.

it is important tolook beyond likely outcomes and considerthe severity of possible bad outcomes topredict leadership ambitions

womenCEOs are more likely than men CEOs toface shareholder activism

Kenrick

organizationalresponses to failure may produce gender differences in leadership ambitions and risk-taking behavior.

useful for my work, in that ithelps me understand the crisis of liberal concepts that render them inoperativeeven in and for Western societies

The burden of this and the subsequentchapter is to explain why women are at the center of all these conjoining bor-ders, how their deaths intersect legal, illegal, formal, and informal types of labor,and how they come to be part of the unconventional traffic of stolen goods,drugs, and the migration of industries and people that characterizes today’ssocial theater.

Maquila work and gender are two endpoints of a dreadfully tangled twinethat threads through all kinds of border complexities

that is maquila labor and the havoc wrought by women’s emancipationthrough labor.

private sphere becomes thevery background of public action

prac-tice of critique

n a similar vein, men students were more likely to speak out withoutraising their hands and to interrupt other speakers

RESuLTS

field notes (FN), personal notes(PN), theoretical notes (TN), and methodological notes (MN)

stalled revolution,”

everyday inequities” that individually may “seem trivial,and may even go unnoticed” by the professor and the student; however,cumulatively they “can dampen women’s participation and lead them todoubt the value of their contributions

chilly climate” in college classrooms,where women 1 faced overt and subtle forms of discrimination

95 hours of observation

Whenthe anthropologist argues that it is their need to be seen and heard thatdetermines the street children's conduct, the documentary illustratesthis diagnosis by showing boys juggling and performing acrobatics at abusy Rio de Janeiro traffic light (00:18:20). It is a familiar image, seem-ingly implying that the need to be seen is negotiated through the preex-isting imagination of the playing child, a role that destitute kids mightagree to play to cooperate with the adult imagination of what a childwants19-or perhaps they are rehearsing another common fantasy pres-ent in global media, that of the poor but fun-loving Brazilian

In this particular situation, television offers a split im-age of the police that is actually formless, indecisive, and ultimately in-efficient even at controlling the crowd; but by the same token, it voicesa demand for an ideal body, a police corps in good form, transparentand accountable, which should have been present on the scene instead

demand for visibility as inclusion and the managementof visibility of the police (its appearance of force, its force of appear-ance) are expressions of a "market-state" ruled by "jurisprudence ofappearance" in which "law remains in force but lacks in significance

if the figure of the child is always exemplary, in these films childrenare exemplary out of bounds, both vulnerable and exposed, standingfor hope and hopelessness. "The child is eminently the human,"

the boundaries between expose and what I called hypervisibili

white

masculinity

hooks

lackmeninnursing,however,genderedracismmaylimittheextenttowhichtheyestablishbondswiththeircolleagues and supervisors.

Espiritu

Inaddition, unlikewomeninmen’s professions,men whodowomen’s workfrequently have supervisorsof thesamesex.

ustasmenwhoaretokensfarebetterthanwomen,italsofollowsthat theexperiencesofBlacksandwhitesastokensshoulddifferinwaysthatreflect theirpositionsinhierarchiesofstatusandpower,

organizations

uggestthatsexualharassmentpoliciesarework-ing.Menreportedtheyjokelessinfrontofwomenandarelesslikelytoperformbehaviorsthatmaybeinterpretedasharassment

motiv

hemajorityof thepar-ticipants’ closestfriendshipsinthePresent studyWerelaunchedasaresultofCooperatingonaworkProject.Although Senderedinterestsmaystillposesomeobstacletofriendshipswithintheworkplace,theymostlikelycreateamoresubstantialbarriertofriendshipsoutsideofwork

Incontrast,whenamalemanagerofferedasimilarcomplimenttoawomanatwork,hewasquestionedbythehumanresourcesdepartmentforalleged sexualharassment:

IfImakeanoff-color jokeorsomethinglikethat,I'mmorelikelytodothatwithamalethanafemale.

Humorand joking werementionedmostfrequentlybymenassomethingthatcouldnotbesharedwithwomenatwork.

The fact that real wages grew so much more slowly than labor productivity inboth economies (and real wages did not grow at all in Mexico) signals that firmswere able to increase their gross profit margins (at least relative to unit labor costs)from their manufacturing operations in both countries during the NAFTA period

the Mexicangovernment rejected the need for any development assistance with Salinas’s famousslogan that Mexico wanted “trade not aid.” However, Mexico soon learned the hardway that trade alone could not give the kind of economic boost that the countryrequired, as we shall see in the following sections

However,in order for the new trading bloc to be successful, the three countries would haveneeded to implement a wide range of complementary policies, including maintain-ing competitive exchange rates, investing in the necessary public infrastructureand education, and addressing the development gap between Mexico and the othertwo NAFTA nations.

ostering convergenceand preventing migratio

n regard to migration, the incentives are based on the wages that all workers (notonly those in manufacturing) with comparable characteristics, such as similar ageand education, can earn by migrating to the United States compared with stayingin Mexico

create a continued incentive for multinational corporations to locate manu-facturing activities aimed at the North American market in Mexic

NAFTA was famouslyintended to “lock-in” the liberalizing reforms that Mexico had undertaken in thepreceding years, making it in some respects a symbol of the entire “neoliberal”approach to economic policy that Mexico adopted in the aftermath of the debt cri-sis of the 1980s

Second, economic dependency isnot threatening to women; it is the status quo

Men who closely approximate thehegemonic archetype feel secure, whereasmen who value their identity as a man yet dif-fer from the archetype are likely to engage inbehaviors designed to more closely alignthem with the hegemonic ideal

Categorizationleads to a series of distinct social groups, suchas men and women.

economic dependency is associated with a higher likelihoodof engaging in infidelity; but, the influence of dependency on men’s infidelity is greater thanthe influence of dependency on women’s infidelity