In several countries, people experience social discrimination along endogamous, hereditary, and hierarchical groupingsknown as castes. Although such social categories are not always officially recognized, they can still have profound implica-tions for people's exposure to climate-related impacts, as well as access to food, water, land, education, and government ser-vices, including disaster relief

On the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, the social and political isolation of threeAfrican American communities reduced their access to resources that could be used to adapt to frequent flooding, as well astheir representation in government decision making (Miller Hesed & Paolisso, 2015

contributes to increased vulnerability among U.S. nonwhite populations

structural racism creates racial disparities in educational attainment,income, and wealth in more subtle ways by perpetuating uneven access to resources

The inability of groups of people to secure access to resources and the capacity to adapt to climate-related impactsdirectly results from their inability to control their daily life (Gaillard, 2010), to choose the location in which they live, andhow and where they secure livelihoods (Blaikie, 1985).

Hurricane Katrina only became a disasterbecause the neglected infrastructure failed, poverty and segregation were common in New Orleans, and many people lackedthe resources to prepare for, avoid, and recover from the storm.

Hurricane Katrina killed about 1,800 people in the relatively impoverished coastal areas of Louisiana and Mississippi.

Climate change effects arrive on an already-complex social landscape populated by groups with different access to resources

Interventions can reduce harm and mortality that extreme weather events cause in socially vulnerable groups. Such inter-ventions are far more effective when they account for the ways that this review's four themes—resource access, governance,culture, and knowledge—interact with the three components of vulnerability—exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity

Together they provide amore comprehensive, interdisciplinary social science framework for analyzing and understanding uneven vulnerability across socialdifference

cultural anthropology, archaeology, human geography, and sociology.

we identify four broad themes as particularly helpful for understanding the social aspects of vulnerabilityand structure our review around these themes: resource access, governance, culture, and knowledge

define vulnerability asa function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity

We ask: who is most affected by weather- and climate-relatedimpacts, and why?

primarily framed the issue in terms of exposure to physical impacts on particular sectors (e.g., water, agriculture), regions(e.g., the Andes, Southeast Asia), and countries, but offered little by way of analysis of the social drivers of climate change vulnerabil-ity or the uneven distribution of risk.

This paper draws on the findings of a studyof the recovery process in two rural communities impactedby the devastating McLure forest fire in 2003 in BritishColumbia (BC), Canada, in order to examine the linksbetween community resilience, place, and social capital inthe disaster recovery process.

We argue that a reconfiguration of disasterrecovery is required that more meaningfully considers therole of place in the disaster recovery process and opens upthe space for a more reflective and intentional consider-ation of the disorientation and disruption associated withdisasters and our organized response to that disorientation

elated deaths occur in low and middle-income communities.

When considering low-income

his is cause for concern because inadequate sleep can negatively affect mood, behavior,health, and cognitive functions.

Additionally, an uneven distribution of this climate-inducedsleep loss indicates that those living in low-income countries tend to be more

billion Twitter updates and tweets for key termssuch as “lonely,” “trapped” or “suicidal” demonstrated that such depressive language on social media isincreased during

which gives rise to irritability and aggression

UV tumor formation is linked to higher temperatures. As temperatures rise,specifically in the summer, people tend to go outdoors with not only less clothing but also a lack of sunscreen,increasing UV exposure, and thus increasing

Urban heat Island effect, disproportionate access to airconditioning, and poor quality building materials.

studies suggest a direct correlationbetween the heat and homicide rates. As temperatures increase, it is a natural human sensation to becomeaggressive and induce fight-or-flight reactions.

Urban IslandHeat effect.

Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, is located in the American Midwest and experiences a wide cycleof seasonal temperatures and precipitation levels. It’s characterized by its extremely cold winters and mostimportantly its wildly hot summers.

This paperexplores the relationship between heat and its impact on various populations with respect to demographics,mainly race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status.