philosophy of emergence
function in an environment where the concept of emergence rises on the collective behaviors.
22 Matching Annotations
- Feb 2024
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psychclassics.yorku.ca psychclassics.yorku.ca
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"contributory habituation," wherein nonhabituated behavior takes place under the general guidance of habits, and on the other hand habituated functions are performed in close cooperation with the specific activities aroused by the stimulus of the moment.
decrease in a response to a stimulus after reptation-it becomes accustomed to the stimulus
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Lavater said of the human body, that no member contradicts another, for each has the character of the whole.
Studied physiognomy which is the study of the systematic correspondence of psychological characteristics to the facial features and structure of the body.
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(1), the recognition of " trait " as the unit of personality, (2) the admission of a probable hierarchy of traits, certainly of unit tendencies higher than the level of specific habits, (3) an approach to the problem of the limits of generalization in the most comprehensive traits, (4) the admission of both a major synthesis in personality as well as minor syntheses and dissociated acts, (5) the tentative admission of subjective values as the core of such syntheses, but the exclusion of objective evaluation (character judgments) from purely psychological method.
These points have been built on and provided the initial framework to better understand the concepts of trait and personality. This has made an impact on how individuals view and respond based on different impacts on self and environment. These contributions have allowed modern day psychologist to better understand and add onto theories for continued understandings.
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Hull (18) found that the variability measured within the individual is roughly 80 per cent as great as the variability within a normal group. But individuals differ in variability, so that in some the range is twice as great as in others.
He thought that individuals experience biological needs that created a state of tension. Such as being hungry, it would drive the individual to engage in behaviors that reduced the behavior and reinstated a sense of satisfaction by meeting that need.
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sui generis
Of its own kind
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Gestalt psychology
emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts-how it is to be "place" or "put" together.
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Edman (10), after employing " trait " with almost the breadth of Davenport, remarks: " Social sciences will never attain the precision of the physical sciences until it also attains as clear and unambiguous a terminology."
Not all familial traits are biologically inherited, and they can have complex causes which caused eugenicists to make simplistic and unsupported claims about heredity. Causative genes were linked to 40 disorders plausible for DNA-based diagnosis.
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confusion between personality devaluated and personality evaluated, that is, between personality and character.
Personality devaluated is defense mechanism geared towards negativity criticizing self, others or objects, whereas personality evaluated is an inner reflection of feelings, behaviors, and thoughts towards self.
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This method is found in its extreme form in Davenport's Trait Book (8), where tics, affability, and love of fishing are presented as parallel manifestations of personality. Marston (24) speaks of introversion and extroversion as emotional traits, and then lists twenty traits of introversion and twenty of extroversion
This book was published in 1912 and complied inherited characteristics and genetic disorders that were kept track of by field workers from the Eugenics Record Office
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"There seem to be different codes for the different situations, such as a home code, a school code, a Sunday school code, a club code" (Hartshorne et al., 16). By which code shall the personality of the child be judged?
This stands true to date, as we all wear different "hats" based on our environment and comfort level. Say our "mom hat" is different from our "work hat" and "friend hat."
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Inventories of "traits" at present include a reckless array of noncomparable factors.
With the array of diagnosis, no two similarities will align with expected muscle memories that bodies of learned. Just because we cry, does not mean we are sad; Just because we laugh during an intense moment, does not mean we are happy. We have utilized different "traits" as coping mechanisms.
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If "traits" are merely nominal entities, there is still the problem as to what constitutes the existential unit of personality.
Human nature is considered to flexible, open-ended and possess the ability of experiences. We are constantly changing, growing, evolving and developing a sense of who we are and how to shape our life.
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"Let a 'single trait' be defined as one whose varying condition in men can be measured on one scale. A combination of traits requires two or more scales."
Thorndike is likely discussing the simplistic traits that do not require a deeper reading into what they really are. A combination of traits that requires two or more scales are most likely linked to the harder to "read" traits that can have more than one true definition.
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Trow (41) from experimental results concludes: " It would seem that little is to be gained from talking about speed of decision as a trait, if we mean by that that it is possessed in a constant amount by any one person, and used in that same quantity with slight variation on all occasions."
William Trow wrote the book "Educational Psychology" in 1931. It allowed the study of educational growth and development.
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multifocal organization in personality
Is this the beginning of the "Big Five" where personality factors describe the individual's sociability, adjustment, agreeableness, intellectual openness, and conscientiousness?
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Law of Partial Activity.
Law of exercise, law of effect, law of readiness were based on drills and practice for a period of time.
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Traits become predictable to the extent that identities in stimulus situations are predictable.
Person-situation controversy-both the situation and the person contribute to the behavior.
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quantitative distinctions can outrun qualitative, and that adjectival distinctions can outrun substantive. The truth of the matter is that neither measurement nor inventories of " attitudes " and the like can be intelligible until the substantives themselves are clearly understood.
Qualitative is geared towards finding the "why" behind behavior or correlation, while quantitative is more directed towards analyzing the numbers to develop a statistical connection.
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Spranger's Lebensformen (35), viz., the social, the political, the economic.
meaning a series of conscious decisions which form the habits or our everyday lives "forms of life"
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Dissociation is a method by which the personality utilizes one part of the organism independently of the antagonistic trends of the personality."
This is where a person disconnects from memories, feelings, thoughts, or sense of identity-one would feel detached from self and the events around them.
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"a consistent set of traits."
personality traits should remain the same across all settings, it should be stable over time and exhibited the same behaviors that are related to the trait.
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