Annotation 3: Connection "Demographic changes have sparked an intensifying global competition for workers and talent. Consider three countries. Italy, with a population of 59 million, is projected to shrink by almost half, to 32 million, by 2100, with those above age 65 increasing from 24 to 38 percent of the population. Mexico, traditionally an emigration country, has seen its fertility rate drop to barely replacement level. Nigeria,

by contrast, is expected to expand its population from 213 million to 791 million, becoming the second- most populous country in the world, after India, by the end of the century (figure O.1)."

This quote highlights how demographic shifts, such as aging populations in wealthier countries and declining fertility rates in traditional emigration nations like Mexico, are creating a global competition for workers. As populations shrink or age in certain regions, these countries will increasingly rely on migrants to sustain their economies and meet social obligations. At the same time, middle-income countries that once sent large numbers of migrants abroad are facing their own demographic challenges, leading them to compete for the same foreign labor they once provided. This demographic shift connects migration to broader global economic trends, where both origin and destination countries must adjust their policies to attract and retain talent in an evolving labor market.

Annotation 2: Insight "Migration has proved to be a powerful force for development, improving the lives of hundreds of millions of migrants, their families, and the societies in which they live across the world. But there are challenges as well—for migrants, their countries of origin, and their countries of destination"

Insight: Migration has always been a key factor in human development, improving not only the lives of migrants but also the economic and social systems of both origin and destination countries. However, the challenges of managing migration, particularly balancing economic needs and human rights, remain significant.

Annotation 1: Question "citizenship—and of the associated civil, political, and economic rights—that creates dis- tinct challenges for migrants and policy makers, not the fact that people moved at some point in their life."

https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/13/politics/donald-trump-tariffs/index.html

Recently, donald trump decided to propose import tarrifs of up to 60% on chinese products. How has america's political affiliation with china lead to the proposal of a 60% import tarrif on china? additionally, how will these import tarrifs affect america?

The source i found demonstrates how countries reputation influence their trade. This is a idea that came to mind as beijing seeks to portray it self as a leader in this global crisis. Could a possible reason for this be to increase trade

https://strategica-conference.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/59-1.pdf

Annotation 3: Epiphany The epiphany here is the realization that while trade-driven efficiency has boosted development, it has also made economies less resilient. This section demonstrates how over-reliance on just-in-time supply chains, driven by global trade, can disrupt development when unforeseen crises occur. This insight connects to the inquiry question by revealing the tension between trade-based efficiency and sustainable development, where overly optimized systems can collapse without the buffer of stockpiles or domestic production capabilities.

Annotation 2: Question

This passage raises the question: How does the interruption of trade during global crises affect development, particularly in countries dependent on external supplies? This question relates to the inquiry about trade and development by exploring how the breakdown of trade flows—such as countries hoarding essential goods—can stall development, especially in less resource-secure nations, and how global interdependence affects resilience.

Annotation 1: Thoughts In this passage, the authors are expressing a key idea: that globalization is both a source of growth and a vulnerability. They argue that the efforts to create highly efficient, just-in-time global supply chains have left the global economy fragile in the face of unexpected crises like the pandemic. This relates directly to today's inquiry question by illustrating how interconnectedness has created risks, particularly during global disruptions

https://credendo.com/en/knowledge-hub/climate-change-increases-social-political-and-geopolitical-risks-medium-long-term Climate change increases social-political and geopolitical risks in the medium to long term:

The article from Credendo explains that climate change is intensifying social, political, and geopolitical risks, especially in vulnerable low-income countries. Rising tempratures in addition to these political/geopolitical risks can enhance problems especially in developing groups/poverty hurting the economy in many countries like these. In addition, many of these types of country do little to protect the environment.

Epiphany: It occurred to me that while climate change is undeniably linked to human activity, this connection doesn’t automatically justify aggressive government interventions. Just because we accept the scientific evidence doesn’t mean there’s a single or immediate policy solution. There needs to be a thoughtful balance between addressing environmental issues and considering the potential economic impacts of those decisions. Simply acknowledging the problem doesn’t mean rushing into drastic measures is the right approach.

This quote is interesting because it shows how climate policy tries to balance environmental protection using economic models we covered in AP econ. the policy makers find a middle ground where the cost of stricter emissions penalties is worth it because of the long-term benefits of preventing climate damage. It also highlights the trade offs policymakers face when trying to protect the planet without completely hurting the economy in the short term. It’s a super practical, data-driven way to make decisions about something as complex as climate change.

this quote highlights the short term benifits of a lack of climate change legislation eg. increased short run economic returns however, the quote also highlights the long term effects climate change have. This is something that policy makers have been focusing on to ensure we would have a world to continue producing from. Policy makers recognize the importance of a sustainable economy in producing for the long term as the more they destroy the environment, the more productivity decreases leading to a decreased economic output

Question: Would a combination of cap trade policies and carbon tax policies lead to a sustainable reduction in carbon emissions?

Annotation 3# "Poor countries are poor because those who have power make choices that create poverty. They get it wrong not by mistake or ignorance but on purpose."

Epephanies: This statement made me rethink the way I understand poverty and inequality. It challenges the idea that poverty is just about bad decisions or lack of knowledge, and instead highlights that it often results from deliberate choices made by those in power to serve their own interests. This perspective makes me realize that to truly address global inequality, we need to look beyond just economic fixes and understand the political motivations and power structures that keep poverty in place.

Annotation #2 "The final popular theory for why some nations are poor and some are rich is the ignorance hypothesis, which asserts that world inequality exists because we or our rulers do not know how to make poor countries rich. This idea is the one held by most economists, who take their cue from the famous definition proposed by the English economist Lionel Robbins in 1935 that “economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.”

Question: How does the ignorance hypothesis, which suggests that global inequality exists because we don’t know how to make poor countries prosperous, connect to the way economists like Lionel Robbins view the role of economics in solving real-world problems?

Annotation #1 : "The second widely accepted theory, the culture hypothesis, relates prosperity to culture. The culture hypothesis, just like the geography hypothesis, has a distinguished lineage, going back at least to the great German sociologist Max Weber, who argued that the Protestant Reformation and the Protestant ethic it spurred played a key role in facilitating the rise of modern industrial society in Western Europe. The culture hypothesis no longer relies solely on religion, but stresses other types of beliefs, values, and ethics as well. Though it is not politically correct to articulate in public, many people still maintain that Africans are poor because they lack a good work ethic, still believe in witchcraft and magic, or resist new Western technologies. Many also believe that Latin America will never be rich because its people are intrinsically profligate and impecunious, and because they suffer from some “Iberian” or “mañana” culture. Of course, many once believed that the Chinese culture and Confucian values were inimical to economic growth, though now the importance of the Chinese work ethic as the engine of growth in China, Hong Kong, and Singapore is trumpeted. annotation about thoughts "

Thoughts: The passage questions the idea that a nation's culture is the key to its economic success or failure. This theory, which has been around since Max Weber linked the Protestant ethic to the rise of industrial society in Western Europe, often oversimplifies complex issues. For instance, some still wrongly blame Africa's poverty on stereotypes like a lack of work ethic or suggest that Latin America is doomed because of certain cultural traits. It also points out how our views on culture can change—Chinese culture was once seen as a barrier to progress but is now celebrated as a driver of economic growth. The passage argues that by focusing too much on culture, we miss the bigger picture, including the historical and political factors that really shape a nation’s prosperity.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1071002.pdf The article explains that changing the traditional ways schools operate is hard because existing habits and mental models are deeply ingrained in us, making it difficult to change from our traditional ways. This connects to the mental models guiding thought in book as both of them discuss mental models affecting our modes of thought.

"What others think, expect, and do influences our preferences and decisions"

This shows significant impact of social influence on individual behavior. It suggests that our preferences and decisions are not made in isolation but are directed by the perceptions, expectations, and actions of those around us. Additonally, when we rely on automatic thinking rather than deliberate thinking we further narrow our perspectives. further preventing whatever goal we are trying to acheive.

How do the social networks that individuals in poverty are part of influence their decision-making and reinforce certain frames and patterns of collective behavior, and do these collective behaviors only further keep them in poverty?

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1071002.pdf

evidence, bad: the capitalist economy is completely run on supply and demand withougth government intervention, if a certain product falls out of date, your cooperation will have problems and due to how many people interact witht eh buissness, measurement and conduction experiments is impossible to audit for the best supply for a certain demand.

evidence, good: due to cooperations always competing to evolve products for the market to earn the most money and power, this allowed the not just technology but the economy itself to grow rapidly. The competition between cooperations drove the creativity and the new developments in technology

Why was the capitalist economic system chosen over others when there is always so much competition and a race for power?

Evidence, bad: the rise of capitalism and the industrial revolution then lead to the increased usage of fossil fuels. although this was benifiial to the economy, it had many side effects. the problems with climate change stretch to far greater times than being imidiate threats as the mroe CO2 thats released, the more of a toll the world and environment takes, and the environment is one of the pillars of the economy.

Evidence, good: due to the rise of capitalism and the industrial revolution led to the increase in the usage of fossil fuels. although many negatives are portraied in the increased usage of fossil fuels, such as: much higher CO2 emmisions, these resulted in the "expansion of the economy". fossil fuels were very important in allowing the economy to develop and spread which had many other benifits which arent stated in the text.

evidence 1, bad

I: The increased CO2 emmisions are result of a growing usage of fossil fules, which are exeptionally good at creating energy for many things during the industrial age.

Q: But this leads me to question, How does the increase in CO2 emmisions and usage of fossil fuels effect the economy?

why do coutries have such a large range of gdps even in todays world?