Recently, many hotels have started to use mini sitewaste water treatment plants to recycle there water to be used to irrigate their gardens and reduce their water consumption.

There are a variety of rainwater harvesting techniques that are adopted tiday for buildings, individual houses, institutes and so on. These techniques help in making the building structure more water effecient.

In Dubai there are 240 electric charging stations installed across the city.

https://www.dewa.gov.ae/en/consumer/ev-community/ev-green-charger/ev-green-chargers-faq#:~:text=DEWA%20has%20successfully%20installed%20240,hospitals%2C%20residential%20complexes%20and%20establishments.

According to World Health Organisation (WHO) Cairo's metropolitan area “is bathed in artificial light that is 85 times brighter than the natural sky”, making it among the most light polluted worldwide.

http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/311101/Egypt/Egypts-Ministry-of-Environment-A-Cairo-pollution-d.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20study%2C%20Cairo's,the%20most%20light%20polluted%20worldwide.

That includes the effect that is created by the fall of acid rain. Acid rain effects many aquatic bodies and aquatic life in ine side and causes the leaching of soil on the other hand

https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain#:~:text=The%20ecological%20effects%20of%20acid,flow%20into%20streams%20and%20lakes.

The Benefits include: 1- Cost Savings -> 30 to 60% less energy

2- LEED creates value -> Green homes sell at 9% higher prices and faster than comparable, conventional homes.

3- Well being -> LEED-certified buildings are designed to maximize the quality of indoor air and minimize exposure to airborne toxins and pollutants.

4- The Environment -> LEED projects are responsible for diverting more than 80 million tons of waste from landfills

https://www.dickinson.edu/info/20052/sustainability/2283/buildings_and_grounds/2

'Income poverty increased from 27.8% in 2015, up to 32.5% at 2018, leaving 32 million people below the national income poverty line.'

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/03/Armanious-Paper-World-without-poverty-Egypt.pdf

The RD principles include: 1- the role and rights of humans 2- state sovereignty 3- the right to development 4- environmental protection in the SD process 5- eradication of poverty 6- priority for the developing and the least developed states 7-state cooperation to protect ecosystem with common but differentiated responsibilities 8- reduction of unsustainable patterns of production and consumption 9- capacity building for SD 10- public participation and public awareness 11- effective national environmental legislation 12- supportive and open international economic system and international trade 13- compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage 14- state cooperation to prevent environmental dumping 15- precautionary principle 16-internalization of environmental costs and economic instruments 17- environmental impact assessment as a national instrument 18- notification of natural disasters 19- prior and timely notification of transboundary environmental effects 20- women having a vital role 21- youth mobilization 22- indigenous peoples having a vital role 23- natural resources for people under oppression 24- SD in times of warfare 25 peace, development, and environmental protection being interdependent and indivisible 26- resolution of environmental disputes in accordance with the UN Charter 27- cooperation between state and people in good faith.

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_19

'The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (RD) is a document that defines principles for the relationship of states to each other and the relationship between states and their citizens in the field of environment and development.'

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_19

'The six characteristics of a Smart City

1. Smart energy
2. Smart data
3. Smart transport
4. Smart Infrastructure
5. Connected devices
6. Connected mobility

'Facilities for disabled people should be characterized by at least easy access to buildings, to the rooms, to the toilets, to the recreation areas. This can be achieved by accessible environment, such as even paths, specially prepared walkways sometimes with easy stairs, and automated doors.'

https://medcraveonline.com/MOJABB/equipment-and-facilities-adapted-for-disabled-people-in-recreation-and-sport.html#:~:text=Facilities%20for%20disabled%20people%20should,Figure%204)%2C%20automated%20doors.

"The last time a global survey was attempted – by the United Nations in 2005 – an estimated 100 million people were homeless worldwide. As many as 1.6 billion people lacked adequate housing ."

https://homelessworldcup.org/homelessness-statistics/

in relation to this is the "Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America (EHE) is a bold plan that aims to end the HIV epidemic in the United States by 2030."

https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/ending-the-hiv-epidemic/overview#:~:text=Ending%20the%20HIV%20Epidemic%3A%20A%20Plan%20for%20America%20(EHE),United%20States%20within%2010%20years.

An example to this includes Japan's Earthquake - proof buildings that is now a must in construction due to the many earthquakes that occur yearly .

https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/news/earthquake-resistance-of-buildings-in-japan/

alof countries teach the habit oof recycling in schools such as in Taiwan and Sweden

Methane and carbon dioxide make up 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% includes nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases. Landfill gases are produced when bacteria break down organic waste

https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/air/landfill_gas.htm#:~:text=Methane%20and%20carbon%20dioxide%20make,bacteria%20break%20down%20organic%20waste.

In Japan, waste seperation bins can go up to 8+ in just one area to increase the effeciency of waste collection.

https://cgs.la.psu.edu/teaching-resources/k-12-resources-1/cgs-k-12-curricular-materials/elementary-school-level-k-5/japan-sustainability-and-home-lifestyle/day-2-trash-and-recycling-2013-sorting-chart-and-pick-up-schedule-1/a-guide-to-garbage-disposal-in-japan

research gap is always one of the biggest problems in developing countries

i dont really understand why ?

However, as consumures becoming more aware of how harmful plastic packages are for the environment there is an ongoing single use plastic ban that is taking place in alot of countries to lessen the burden on the environment and the waste managemnet system.

According to the EPA, " Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are the third-largest source of human-related methane emissions in the United States, accounting for approximately 15.1 percent of these emissions in 2018.'

https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas#:~:text=more%20about%20LMOP.-,Methane%20Emissions%20from%20Landfills,of%20these%20emissions%20in%202018.

The urban population of the world has grown rapidly from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in 2018.

https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html#:~:text=The%20urban%20population%20of%20the,to%204.2%20billion%20in%202018.

In Egypt 'The Zabbaleen community in Mokattam Village has a population of around 20,000 to 30,000' all of which are considered to be informal waste pickers. they are one of the biggest competition sof recycling companies in cairo

https://ejatlas.org/conflict/cairos-zabbaleen-continue-facing-hardships-after-the-multinational-waste-management-contracts-have-to-an-end-in-2017

In 2016, the worlds’ cities generated 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per day. With rapid population growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is expected to increase by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tonnes in 2050.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management#:~:text=In%202016%2C%20the%20worlds'%20cities,3.40%20billion%20tonnes%20in%202050.

It is estimated that 60 million tons of solid wastes are generated every year in Egypt.

'Almost 3.5 billion people own a mobile phone in 2020 '

https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/

'Number of registered passenger vehicles in Egypt 2012-2017 In 2017, the number of registered passenger vehicles in Egypt amounted to 4.71 million vehicles, up from 3.23 million vehicles in 2012. As of May 2019, passenger cars held the largest sales share in the automotive sector at 68 percent.'

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1093649/egypt-number-of-registered-passenger-vehicles/#:~:text=Number%20of%20registered%20passenger%20vehicles%20in%20Egypt%202012%2D2017&text=In%202017%2C%20the%20number%20of,automotive%20sector%20at%2068%20percent.

Egypt is ranked to be the 43rd country out of 150 countries that are experiencing water stress.

https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-countries-facing-water-crisis/

"The Earth takes one year and eight months to regenerate what we use in a year."

https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/#:~:text=World%20Footprint&text=This%20means%20it%20now%20takes,atmosphere%20than%20forests%20can%20sequester.

"The amount of natural resources extracted for the production of goods and services is steadily increasing. at around 60 billion tonnes each year, humans extract and use about 50% more than only 30 years ago."

https://cdn.friendsoftheearth.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/overconsumption.pdf

if anyone is intrested to see their own ecological footprint try this calculator.

https://www.footprintcalculator.org/

"Egypt is the largest consumer of fertilizers (average of 500 kg ha−1) in Africa . It uses approximately 35% (1150 Gg N y−1) of all the fertilizer N used in Africa"

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019305562#:~:text=Egypt%20is%20the%20largest%20consumer,source%20used%20in%20Egypt%20(Fig.

According t o the world bank egypt's CO2 emissions in 2014 was reported to be 2.23 metric tons (2014).

https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions/egypt-co2-emissions/

This paper: http://www.fao.org/3/i3018e/i3018e00.pdf

Explains how in many communities women manage the livestock and generate a source of income for them from it.

Food demand is expected to increase anywhere between 59% to 98% by 2050.

https://hbr.org/2016/04/global-demand-for-food-is-rising-can-we-meet-it#:~:text=Food%20demand%20is%20expected%20to,we%20have%20not%20seen%20before.

FAO has alot of statistics regarding that matter. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/68

According to the World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$) - Sub-Saharan Africa is 15858.

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZG

Agriculture Policy in egypt

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7117e.pdf

Yes through the movement from conventional agricultural methods to more sustainable agricultural methods

In the U.S: ' In 2019, 22.2 million full- and part-time jobs were related to the agricultural and food sectors—10.9 percent of total U.S. employment. Direct on-farm employment accounted for about 2.6 million of these jobs, or 1.3 percent of U.S. employment.'

https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%2022.2%20million%20full,1.3%20percent%20of%20U.S.%20employment.

According to OCED agriculture contributes 52% to poverty reduction in developing countries b income source.

http://www.oecd.org/indonesia/agriculturalprogressandpovertyreduction.htm

'The global extreme poverty rate fell to 9.2 percent in 2017, from 10.1 percent in 2015. That is equivalent to 689 million people living on less than $1.90 a day.'

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview#:~:text=The%20global%20extreme%20poverty%20rate,%245.50%20a%20day%20in%202017.

' Agriculture is a major component of the Egyptian economy, contributing 11.3 percent of the country’s gross domestic product. The agricultural sector accounts for 28 percent of all jobs, and over 55 percent of employment in Upper Egypt is agriculture-related. '

https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/agriculture-and-food-security#:~:text=Agriculture%20is%20a%20major%20component,Upper%20Egypt%20is%20agriculture%2Drelated.

Renewables made up 17.1 percent of electricity generation in 2018

Egypt’s fuel-subsidies bill has decreased from a peak of 5.9% of growth domestic product (GDP) in FY 2013/2014 to 3.3 % in FY 2016-2017.

https://egyptoil-gas.com/features/energy-subsidy-cuts-the-hardest-part-of-egypts-economic-reform/#:~:text=The%20reduction%20in%20energy%20subsidies%20was%20a%20major%20factor%20of%20consumer%20inflation.&text=Egypt's%20fuel%2Dsubsidies%20bill%20has,the%20current%20FY%202017%2F2018.

That there shouldn't be any inequality when it comes to impleminiting the policy

Today there is "Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy"in the SDGS

According to the world bank egypt had 100% access to electricity by 2018

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=EG

Emissions from burning coal:

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to acid rain and respiratory illnesses
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to smog and respiratory illnesses
• Particulates, which contribute to smog, haze, and respiratory illnesses and lung disease
• Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the primary greenhouse gas produced from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
• Mercury and other heavy metals, which have been linked to both neurological and developmental damage in humans and other animals
• Fly ash and bottom ash, which are residues created when power plants burn coal

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/coal-and-the-environment.php

Until today, 'Coal supplies over one-third of global electricity generation and plays a crucial role in industries such as iron and steel'

https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/coal

'According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the burning of fossil fuels was responsible for 76 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2016'

https://www.eesi.org/topics/fossil-fuels/description#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20U.S.%20Energy,changes%20in%20the%20Earth's%20climate.

''Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Yemen receive between only 1 and 7 percent of total diesel subsidies, which is considerably lower than the 42 to 77 percent of receipts by the riches"

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421519301491

There is a Document by the united nations that includes examples of what may be considered as the "BEST POLICY PRACTICES FOR PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY"

https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ECE_Best_Practices_in_EE_publication_1_.pdf

Almost, 940 million people which is 13% of the world population still do not have acess to electricity.

https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access#:~:text=940%20million%20(13%25%20of%20the,not%20have%20access%20to%20electricity.

Across the major canadian cities people have free access to clean drinking water

According to FAO, More than 50% of rural women in egypt are actively involved in tasks such as fertilization, weeding, harvesting, sacking, marketing and storage.

http://www.fao.org/3/V9104e/v9104e01.htm

According to the EPA, The average household's leaks can account for nearly 10,000 gallons of water wasted every year and ten percent of homes have leaks that waste 90 gallons or more per day.

https://www.epa.gov/watersense/fix-leak-week#:~:text=The%20average%20household's%20leaks%20can,faucets%2C%20and%20other%20leaking%20valves.

According to UNICEF, In Egypt, 8.4 million people are deprived of access to improved sanitation, mostly in rural areas.

https://www.unicef.org/egypt/water-sanitation-and-hygiene#:~:text=In%20Egypt%2C%208.4%20million%20people,sanitation%2C%20mostly%20in%20rural%20areas.&text=Regarding%20water%2C%20sanitation%20and%20hygiene,84%20percent%20in%20rural%20areas.

In 2018, US$300 million loan was given to egypt for complementing the current ‘’Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program’’, to support the expansion of the government’s efforts to increase access to, and improve rural sanitation services in Egypt’s poorest governorates.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/09/22/improved-sanitation-services-in-rural-egypt-to-benefit-almost-one-million-egyptians

Global freshwater species populations have dropped by 83% since 1970, according to a new report published by the World Wildlife Fund.

https://freshwaterblog.net/2018/11/07/global-freshwater-species-decline-by-83-since-1970/#:~:text=Global%20freshwater%20species%20populations%20have,calculate%20the%20Living%20Planet%20Index.

Since 1978, USAID has invested more than $3.5 billion to bring potable water and sanitation services to over 25 million Egyptians.

https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/water-and-sanitation#:~:text=Overview,to%20over%2025%20million%20Egyptians.&text=Current%20USAID%20efforts%20are%20improving,to%20their%20health%20and%20livelihoods.

Non-renewable groundwater exploitation is estimated at a rate of 1.65 Billion m3/year (BCM/year) in EGypt.

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_1085.html

Global water demand for all uses, presently about 4,600 km3 per year, will increase by 20% to 30% by 2050, up to 5,500 to 6,000 km3 per year. Global water demand for agriculture will increase by 60% by 2025. By 2050 the global population will increase to between 9.4 to 10.2 billion people.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9#:~:text=Global%20water%20demand%20for%20all,6%2C000%20km3%20per%20year.&text=Global%20water%20demand%20for%20agriculture%20will%20increase%20by%2060%25%20by%202025.&text=By%202050%20the%20global%20population,of%2022%25%20to%2032%25.

As of 2015, 29 percent of people globally suffer from lack of access to safely managed drinking water. More than double that number are at risk for water contamination from improper wastewater management.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/water-inequality/#:~:text=As%20of%202015%2C%2029%20percent,contamination%20from%20improper%20wastewater%20management.

there are a variety of usage today for treated waste water such as for irrigation, constraction, and recreational purposes

Around 74% of all natural disasters between 2001 and 2018 were water-related and during the past 20 years, the total number of deaths caused only by floods and droughts exceeded 166,000, while floods and droughts affected over three billion people, and caused total economic damage of almost US$700 billion.

https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/disasters/#:~:text=Around%2074%25%20of%20all%20natural,of%20almost%20US%24700%20billion.

proposed ties between energy and water by the United Nations:

https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/01_2014_water_energy_efficiency.pdf

Agriculture accounts for 70% of total water consumption worldwide and is the single-largest contributor of non-point-source pollution to surface water and groundwater.

https://wateractiondecade.org/2017/12/09/water-pollution-from-and-to-agriculture/#:~:text=Agriculture%20as%20a%20water%20polluter,to%20surface%20water%20and%20groundwater.

The United Nations proposed different types of Water Infrastructure and Investment strategies in the report below

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/hlpwater/08-WaterInfrastInvest.pdf

there is an estimated 1.8 billion people (25% of the world’s population) without access to adequate sanitation.

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html#:~:text=An%20estimated%20790%20million%20people,access%20to%20adequate%20sanitation%2015.

Today major companies recognize the value of water and the urgent need to sustain their source therefore, nearly 150 of the world’s largest companies are now using WWF’s Water Risk Filter to assess and respond to growing water risks ranging from scarcity to extreme floods.

https://explore.panda.org/freshwater#:~:text=Of%20all%20the%20water%20on,industrial%20and%20drinking%20water%20requirements.

It is predicted that almost half the world's population will face severe water scarcity by 2030 without urgent action.

https://explore.panda.org/freshwater#:~:text=Of%20all%20the%20water%20on,industrial%20and%20drinking%20water%20requirements.

Two-thirds of the world’s people face water shortages for at least one month each year

https://explore.panda.org/freshwater#:~:text=Of%20all%20the%20water%20on,industrial%20and%20drinking%20water%20requirements.

Of all the water on Earth, just 2.5% is fresh water, and most of that is locked up in ice or deep underground. Rivers and lakes hold only a tiny fraction.

https://explore.panda.org/freshwater#:~:text=Of%20all%20the%20water%20on,industrial%20and%20drinking%20water%20requirements.

for people that still oppose the existance of climate change should realize that the efforts put in reducing climate change imporve standard of living in many aspects overall. so wether they do belive in global climate change or not it the efforts in place are making the world a better place for all.

The environment, community and economy have to be stable in the begining to withhold any climate change related shocks.

the general movement towards renewable resource and electric cars on the road. As the concept advances many companies are finding new incintives to be in the more sustainable and green field.

"Forest fires have been increasing dramatically, as global warming is leading to longer, harsher droughts and more extreme weather events. The smoke and carbon released into the atmosphere from these fires also acts to accelerate further warming and temperature rise."

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/climate-feedback-climate-change-forest-fires/#:~:text=Forest%20fires%20have%20been%20increasing,further%20warming%20and%20temperature%20rise.

"Current climate models indicate that rising temperatures will intensify the Earth’s water cycle, increasing evaporation. Increased evaporation will result in more frequent and intense storms, but will also contribute to drying over some land areas. As a result, storm-affected areas are likely to experience increases in precipitation and increased risk of flooding, while areas located far away from storm tracks are likely to experience less precipitation and increased risk of drought."

https://gpm.nasa.gov/resources/faq/how-does-climate-change-affect-precipitation

"750 billion tons of ice is melting every year due to global warming. That's 24,000 tons of melting water being added to the world's oceans every single second or the same as 10 olympic swimming pools 24/7/365."

https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/climate-change/global-warming/the-melting-ice-caps/story

The year 2016 ranks as the warmest on record.

https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/#:~:text=The%20year%202016%20ranks%20as,variation%20of%20global%20surface%20temperatures.

"El Niño impacts weather systems around the globe, triggering predictable disruptions in temperature, rainfall and winds. La Niña is a cooling phase of ENSO that tends to have global climate impacts opposite to those of El Niño."

https://www.unocha.org/themes/el-nino/el-nino-and-la-ni%C3%B1a#:~:text=El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20impacts%20weather%20systems,to%20those%20of%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o.

Include the monitoring of the average temperature, minimum, maximum and in every region.

there are solar calculators that calculate the solar output for each day.

https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/solar-activity

it is estimated that the climate time lag is 40 years.

'The estimate of 40 years for climate lag, the time between the cause (increased greenhouse gas emissions) and the effect (increased temperatures), has profound negative consequences for humanity."

https://www.skepticalscience.com/Climate-Change-The-40-Year-Delay-Between-Cause-and-Effect.html

"There's not that much methane in the atmosphere—about 1,800 parts per billion, about as much as two cups of water inside a swimming pool. That’s about 200 times less concentrated in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, the most abundant and dangerous of the greenhouse gases. But methane’s chemical shape is remarkably effective at trapping heat, which means that adding just a little more methane to the atmosphere can have big impacts on how much, and how quickly, the planet warms."

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/methane/

In 2017, it was reported that coal is responsible for about a third of our world's current energy production, which means that 8 billion tonnes of highly-polluting coal gets burned every single year.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/09/20/how-much-fuel-does-it-take-to-power-the-world/#154da26516d9

"the total concentration of all greenhouse gases, including cooling aerosols, reached a value of 449 ppm in CO2 equivalents in 2016 — an increase of more than 4 ppm compared with 2015, and 33 ppm more than 10 years ago."

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-6/assessment#:~:text=The%20total%20concentration%20of%20all,more%20than%2010%20years%20ago.

Accourding to the EPA, Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions include:

Electricity. Transportation. Industry. Commercial/ Residential. Agriculture. Land Use/ Forestry.

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

NOAA's Annual Greenhouse Gas Index, which tracks the warming influence of long-lived greenhouse gases, has increased by 41 percent from 1990 to 2017, up 1 percent from 2016 -- with most of that attributable to rising carbon dioxide levels, according to NOAA climate scientists.

https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2359/NOAA%E2%80%99s-greenhouse-gas-index-up-41-percent-since-1990#:~:text=NOAA's%20Annual%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Index,according%20to%20NOAA%20climate%20scientists.

Heat waves are occurring more often than they used to in major cities across the United States, from an average of two heat waves per year during the 1960s to more than six per year during the 2010s.

https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/us-heat-waves#:~:text=1.,per%20year%20during%20the%202010s.

The different Methods that are used to track global environmental changes:

1. Human Population and Consumption
2. Energy Use
3. Land Use Changes
4. Pollution
5. Organism Population Declines/Extinction
6. Adaptation/Evolution
7. Community Responses
8. Ecosystem Responses
9. Health 10.Natural Disturbances
10. Food Security

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/global-change-an-overview-13255365/

Institute for Space Studies (GISS) states that the average global temperature on Earth has increased by a little more than 1° Celsius (2° Fahrenheit) since 1880.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures

NASA "Confirms Climate Models are Getting Future Warming Projections Right"

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2943/study-confirms-climate-models-are-getting-future-warming-projections-right/

In 2018, 89% of global CO2 emissions came from fossil fuels and industry.

https://www.clientearth.org/fossil-fuels-and-climate-change-the-facts/#:~:text=How%20big%20is%20the%20impact,from%20fossil%20fuels%20and%20industry.

"According to the NOAA 2019 Global Climate Summary, the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.07°C (0.13°F) per decade since 1880; however, the average rate of increase since 1981 (0.18°C / 0.32°F) is more than twice as great"

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Change%20over%20time&text=According%20to%20the%20NOAA%202019,more%20than%20twice%20as%20great.

The total expenditures for “climate science research” from 1993 to 2016 are approximeted to be $47.56 billion from the U.S, with international assistance amounting to $8.24 billion.

https://www.climatedollars.org/full-study/us-govt-funding-of-climate-change/#:~:text=When%20the%20budgets%20for%20FY,assistance%20amounting%20to%20%248.24%20billion.

one example is the Fridays for furture constant movement.

https://fridaysforfuture.org/

Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (HEPCA) is an example of local assosciation that strive to conserve bidiversity.

https://www.hepca.org/

Egypt has developed a Biodiverity strategy and action plan for (2015 – 2030) that includes all the efforts and policies that are put and will be put to preserve its biodiversity.

https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eg/eg-nbsap-v2-en.pdf

El Nino is one of the main causes of coral reef bleaching. More than 75 percent of Earth's tropical reefs experienced bleaching-level heat stress between 2014 and 2017, and at nearly 30 percent of reefs, it reached mortality level.

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/unprecedented-3-years-global-coral-bleaching-2014%E2%80%932017#:~:text=All%20told%2C%20more%20than%2075,were%20impacted%20at%20least%20twice.

U.N. reported that 1 million species of animals and plants face extinction due to climate change and human activity.

Beekeepers report they’re losing on average 30 percent of all honeybee colonies each winter which is twice the loss considered economically tolerable, with one of the main causes being the electromagnetic radiation that is released in the environment

We rely on bees to pollinate 71 of the 100 crops that provide 90 percent of most of the world’s food.

https://environmentamerica.org/feature/ame/no-bees-no-food

The United Nations Environment Programme estimated in 2006 that every square mile of ocean contains 46,000 pieces of floating plastic.

Plastic debris causes the deaths of more than a million seabirds every year, as well as more than 100,000 marine mammals.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-pollution/facts-and-figures-on-marine-pollution/

"Currently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimates that 60% of world fisheries are fully-fished. Fisheries at low abundance are over-exploited (“overfished”). "

https://sustainablefisheries-uw.org/fact-check/how-many-fisheries-are-overfished/#:~:text=Overfishing%20definitions&text=Currently%2C%20the%20Food%20and%20Agriculture,33%25%20of%20fisheries%20are%20overfished.

According to FAO: today the percentage lost of forest land is 31.2% which approximates to 4.1 billion hectares.

https://www.ednh.news/world-lost-100-million-hectares-of-forest-in-two-decades-un/#:~:text=The%20proportion%20of%20forest%20to,forests%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20FAO%20said.

Today environmental factors are changing at rapid rates because of the listed reasons therefore both the flora and fauna are failing to adapt at the same rate that the change is happening which leads to a decline in overall biodiversity

According to the WWF:

1. The rapid loss of species we are seeing today is estimated by experts to be between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate.*
2. These experts calculate that between 0.01 and 0.1% of all species will become extinct each year.
3. If the low estimate of the number of species out there is true - i.e. that there are around 2 million different species on our planet** - then that means between 200 and 2,000 extinctions occur every year.

https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/our_focus/biodiversity/biodiversity/

"The most significant change in the structure of ecosystems has been the transformation of approximately one quarter (24%) of Earth’s terrestrial surface to cultivated systems."

https://www.greenfacts.org/en/ecosystems/millennium-assessment-3/1-ecosystem-change.htm#:~:text=The%20most%20significant%20change%20in,terrestrial%20surface%20to%20cultivated%20systems.

Another technique is having Seed Banks. A seed bank is a vault kept at low humidity and cold conditions, around -20°C. In these vaults are jars filled with seeds from different plant species. Numbers and amounts vary from one seed bank to another.

for example The Millennium Seed Bank has 2,200,964,170 seeds from 37,614 species, collected from 189 countries!

https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2017/10/seed-banks/

According to WHO African Region and South-East Asia Region reported the highest percentage (>80%) of countries with national or state level laws and regulations for traditional and complementary medicine.

https://www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/WhoGlobalReportOnTraditionalAndComplementaryMedicine2019.pdf?ua=1

Within the last several decades more than 120 species are thought to have disappeared for ever because of human activities.

In 2006, a total of 442, 738, and 631 amphibian species were classified as critically endangered.

Overall, 1 in 3 amphibians are at risk of extinction!

https://www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org/amphibians4.html

With that comes the disadvantage that humans tend to over exploit these species and thus endanger them along with climate change

That is because the environmental factiors both biotc and abiotic are much more favourable around the equator and are easy to adapt to

The Amazon Rainforest in Brazil has the greatest biodiversity in one area on earth.

Egypt's Biodiverity:

1. 2075 species of plants in 758 genera with Sinai Peninsula having the greatest diversity of species.
2. 93 species of mammals.
3. 106 species of Reptilia and Amphibia
4. over 1300 species of fish, more than a thousand species of mollusks, 200 corals, more than 250 bristle worms

http://www.egyptheritage.com/BiodiversitySite/WildLife/RedSeaFishes.html

There are 201 nature reserves in Egypt with ministerial decrees on 8.5% of the total area of the Republic.

"Due to the massive conversion of forests, wetlands, grasslands, and other terrestrial ecosystems has produced a there has been a 60% decline in the number of vertebrates worldwide since 1970, with the greatest losses in vertebrate populations occurring in freshwater habitats (83%) and in South and Central America (89%)."

https://www.britannica.com/science/biodiversity-loss

these programs should be specifically tailored to the trainees'level of education, mentality and culture.

In egypt there are alot of closed places that allow smoking such as inside malls and has a negative effect on non smokers that may be directly next to the smoker or not as ac's are generaly centralized in closed areas

one indicator is through the monitoing of PM2.5 released in the air

As mutation and natural selection constantly takes place

According to WHO in 2010, tobacco smoking in Egypt is 22% of the population which causes with cardiovascular disorders and malignant tumors.

https://applications.emro.who.int/emhj/v24/02/EMHJ_2018_24_02_198_215.pdf?ua=1

However it was found that more than 90% of the agricultural is produced using conventional agricultural method that has a variety of negative effect on the surrounding environment rather than using sustainable agricultural methods.

In-effecient treatment of waste water being dumped back to the environment can resutlt in the contamination of the water resource thus causing harm to the marine enviornoment overall and to people who use it for sonsumption and to industries who use it as a part of their processes.

through runoffs that take with them any chemical pesticides to the water source

there are approximetly 9.9 million cares that are on the road in Egypt

It was reported that 19,200 people died in 2017 in EGypt because of Air pollution factors.

http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/619601570048073811/pdf/Egypt-Cost-of-Environmental-Degradation-Air-and-Water-Pollution.pdf

through the chemical use of pesticides, industrial waste dumping in water and exposed areas.

Egypt is ranked 119 out of 180 in Water and Sanitation

According to the Environmental Index Egypt is ranked 66 out of 180 countries

https://epi.yale.edu/epi-country-report/EGY

it was estimated in 2010 that tobacco smoking in Egypt is 22% which is 18,207,200 people

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-24-2018/volume-24-issue-2/tobacco-smoking-in-egypt-a-scoping-literature-review-of-its-epidemiology-and-control-measures.html

1.1 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses worldwide in 2010

https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics#:~:text=AIDS%2Drelated%20Deaths%E2%80%94AIDS%2D,%2D%20and%20middle%2Dincome%20countries.

According to the World Bank, the fertility rate is 3 births per woman

According to WHO,in Egypt, 35 million people receive hepatitis C test

https://www.who.int/hepatitis/news-events/egypt-hepatitis-c-testing/en/

Egypt's maternal mortaility rate is 52 out of 100,000.

https://egypt.unfpa.org/en/topics/maternal-health-1

https://www.ghsindex.org/

the above ink includes a map of the world that shows the health sector capabilities of each country

A study showed it is not necessarily true.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6506569/

According to Unicef, Egypt's under 5 mortality rate has decreased from 108 to 27 child deaths per 1000 live births in 2014.

https://www.unicef.org/egypt/health#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%2025%20years,month%20of%20the%20child%20life.

According to the WOrld Bank the life expectancy at birth in Egypt is 71 years.

In Egypt, in 2011 3.5% of GDP was spent on education and in 2013/14 it had risen only slightly to 3.9% of GDP.

https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/focus-point-increase-spending-should-support-aim-improving-quality-well-access

An example of this is that there is a 20% illiteracy in Egypt that still prevails today

Other than Sport players, it is also seen in the music industry taking the most famous people now as an example:

• Justin Bieber who did not go to college has an estimated net worth of $285 million dollars

while the current top number 1 group "BTS" has an estimated net worth that is $450 million dollars and have completed their undergraduate degree and currenty some of the mebers are enrolled in their masters degree.

According to the World Bank, "Egypt is one of the adaptors to the World Bank’s Human Capital Project, which aims to create demand for efficient investments in people as the key to equitable growth. The project aims to support countries in strengthening their human capital strategies and investments for rapid improvements in outcomes."

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/10/15/investing-in-people-an-ongoing-partnership-with-egypt

This is The Doha Round Development Agenda

https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/COMTD/W143R5.pdf&Open=True

Other causes of hunger include:

1.lack of water, sanitation and infrastructure

1. unstable food markets
2. Climate Change
3. War and Conflict
4. Nutritional Quality 6.Discrimination

https://www.bread.org/what-causes-hunger#:~:text=A%20lack%20of%20water%20and,and%20girls%20out%20of%20school.

According to the UN, in Sub-Saharan Africa the number of undernourished people has increased, from some 195 million in 2014, to 237 million in 2017

https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/10/1048452

FAO uses certain points to help solve hinger in many countries which include : RIGHT TO FOOD:

1. Identify the hungry and poor
2. Conduct a thorough assessment
3. Elaborate a sound food security strategy
4. Allocate obligations and responsibilities
5. Create a legal framework
6. Monitor progress
7. Ensure resource mechanism

http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1331e.pdf

Alot of the food is produced or gone to waste due to many factors. However, in Egypt about half of tomatoes and a third of grapes are lost through inefficient practices before they reach the consumer, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) partnered with the Egyptian government and cooperatives to find ways to limit food losses caused by production surpluses and inefficient practices in 2019.

According, to the World Bank $2 trillion were invested in 2016 as foregin funds around the world.

there are many other factors that afect national saving rates other than income: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-358494

According to the UN, global poverty rates have decreased by almost half since 2000. However it is believed that one in ten people in developing regions still live on less than US$ 1.90 a day

Today, the World Bank's most commonly used global poverty line is $1.90 a day.

According to a study that was done in 2001 in the U.S, only 12% of "White" people didnt have access to health care insurance coverage while 22% of "Black" people and 35% of "Hispanics"did not have access to health care insurance coverage at the time.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24693/table/a2000af97ttt00007/?report=objectonly

An example of this is when Corona hit the U.S it was much evident how the "Black", "Indigenous", and "Latino"communities were nthe most affected by it as they are considered the more vulnerable group in the U.S. The rates of Corona deaths were "1 in 920 Black Americans has died" while "1 in 1,840 White Americans has died' stating that the "white" had double the chances that others didnt have.

P.S: I do not like to refer to people based on their color however that is how statistics are divided for the U.S and many countries.

https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race

I believe that another cause is that they are discriminated against constantly and are left out in many social aspects that they become part of "the vicious cycle of poverty" that is hard to get out from.

as some of them already have huge debts

That happened due to the over supply and storage of oil that was present when at that time social distancing was being implamented and airlines had stopped so their was an overall low demand.

according to the world economic forum that approximetly 305 million full time jobs worldwide were lost in the second quarter of COVID-19 which is around May

The WHO has mentioned it several times that there is a big chnce of a second wave hiting during the flu season

However, if the countries do not apply strict rules of social distancing and people to wear face masks then the community would eventually go back to how it was like before the pandemic and thus may therefore cause higher infection rates to rise at a faster rate.

As many countries have dropped their lockdown measure people have started to live their ives like before some with the inforced law of wearing face masks and others without the mask. Examples: Egypt, UAE, U.S and European Countries

Such as the Indonesian Rupiah(IDR) and the Russian Ruble (RUB)

According to WHO, up until yesterday it reached a total of 985,823 deaths

Many Vaccienes world wide are in their last phase in testing and have been given to volunteers to monitor any possible side effects and its effectivness in preventing peoplr from being affected with the disease. Countries that started vaccine volunteering rograms are UAE, Belgium, France and South Africa

It didn't necessarily slow down, however the media is no longer hyped about it in many countries. An example of that is in Brazil and the US as the COVID cases per day are still relativly high but the number no longer cause a huge hype in media like it was in the begining. Even in other countries that had a huge wave in the beginning an then eventually the rates started to slow down they reopened schools and then got hit badly agian and had to close them like in France but again the media did not create a headline for it as it used to.

I do not think that has been achieved as well as the continuous forest fires in California/ Australia and the amazon are key indicators of insuffecient planning and riskk assesment. Adding on to that, over the years amazon indeginous tribes have been fighting through court for business men and politicians to protect the amazon in many different aspects.

I think its safe to say that this has not been achieved as coral reefs continue to belach and microplastics are continusely affecting marine life negatively.

I think that unless the United Nations and countries start decleraing what is happening in regards to Global warming as a Crisis and work acordingly the actions taken would never be suffecient to reverse the consequences of climate change.

They just slipped the word in their so that in the end they can say that it was included and part of the agenda. However, I see no detailed plan or action that is being placed to truly sustain and protect the biodiversity that is depleting at a drastic rate over the years.

What about considering the fact that the ecosystem as a whole also include diverse species of animals and microorganisms that also have habitats that need protecting as they are part of our enviornment and play a major role as well in the whole cycle of the food chain and ecosystem in general.

They keep using vague words that they can not be tied to later on if nothing was accomplished yet they try to take as much credit as they could when they do achieve something

I dont get the relation so if anyone can elaborate that would be great.

I think that there is a bit of contradiction here as Urbanization has its good and bad points as well, but they are taklking about it as if its the only slution.

The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:

to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; to achieve universal primary education; to promote gender equality and empower women; to reduce child mortality; to improve maternal health; to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; to ensure environmental sustainability; and to develop a global partnership for development.

such Nigeria and Zambia due to many political and systematic complications