fatallyflawed

Cultural invasion "implies the 'superiority' of theinvader and the 'inferiority' of those who are invaded, as well as the imposition of values by theformer, who possess the latter and are afraid of losing them"

in the scientific truth of the revolution which aims to seize power

The praxis must include the intellectuals and the people together

communiqués

plenitude

We would add that in curriculum systems the teacher may themselves have very little sayin what is taught; it is determined as a matter of national policy

In banking education the teacher 'knows', because he or she has received the officially sanctionedcurriculum knowledge which is then imparted as a stale, static narrative to the students.

The banking concept of education suits the oppressors. In this system the students aretreated as empty vessels into which knowledge can be deposited (like deposits in a bank) by theteacher.

the signal disease of late industrial capitalism is schizophrenia

And the more the oppressors control the oppressed, the more they changethem into apparently inanimate 'things

necrophilic

Fromm

The mode of production and the forms of economic relationship analysed by Marx are oneform of economic relations, not the total context in which human destiny is worked out.

historical schizophrenia

"But almost always, during the initialstage of the struggle, the oppressed, instead of striving for liberation, tend themselves to becomeoppressors, or 'sub-oppressors'". The peasant who just receives some education may express adesire to be foreman on the ranch for example. As we will see later this theory of the 'dual-nature'of the peasants creates the possibility of a kind of authoritarian outlook. In theory it creates thepossibility that peasants who disagree with the revolutionary ideas can be dismissed as having'internalised the oppressor'

a contradiction in which they neither are fully human

anoppressor class oppresses and an oppressed class is oppressed

many times by Atheisme how could I know whether there was a God; I never saw any miracles to confirm me

smott

my heart more carnall

This Book by Any yet unread, I leave for you when I am dead, That, being gone, here you may find What was your living mother’s mind. Make use of what I leave in Love And God shall blesse you from above.

Prince

Epitaph

Albian

No more shall rise or set such glorious Sun

Proud profuse Cleopatra

Semiramis

Drake

The States

Lisbon

Armadoe

Ph{oe}nix

She hath wip'd off th' aspersion of her Sex, That women wisdom lack to play the Rex.

nine

The World's the Theater where she did act

The Poem.

a fleshly Deity

thou now in silence lie

Sot

deign

flownquills

women know it well

For such despite they cast on female wits, If what I do prove well, it won't advance-- They'll say it was stolen, or else it was by chance.

Who says my hand a needle better fits.

Muse

Great Bartas' sugared lines do but read o'er,

‘recruits’ subjects among the individuals (it recruits them all), or ‘transforms’ the individuals into subjects (it transforms them all) by that very precise operation which I have called interpellation or hailing, and which can be imagined along the lines of the most commonplace everyday police (or other) hailing: ‘Hey, you there!’

‘concrete’ enough to be recognized, but abstract enough to be thinkable and thought, giving rise to a knowledge.

‘Kneel down, move your lips in prayer, and you will believe.’

the ideology of ideology

schema

If he believes in God, he goes to Church to attend Mass, kneels, prays, confesses, does penance (once it was material in the ordinary sense of the term) and naturally repents and so on.

participates in certain regular practices which are those of the ideological apparatus on which ‘depend’ the ideas which he has in all consciousness freely chosen as a subject

w return to this thesis: an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices. This existence is material.

(God is the imaginary representation of the real King)

one negative, the other positive.

I think it is possible to hold that ideologies have a history of their own (although it is determined in the last instance by the class struggle); and on the other, I think it is possible to hold that ideology in general has no history, not in a negative sense (its history is external to it), but in an absolutely positive sense.

But no other Ideological State Apparatus has the obligatory (and not least, free) audience of the totality of the children in the capitalist social formation, eight hours a day for five or six days out of seven.

small peasants.

Why is the educational apparatus in fact the dominant Ideological State Apparatus in capitalist social formations, and how does it function?

I believe that the Ideological State Apparatus which has been installed in the dominant position in mature capitalist social formations as a result of a violent political and ideological class struggle against the old dominant Ideological State Apparatus, is the educational ideological apparatus.

Parlement

‘serfdom’

‘division of labour’.

the Repressive State Apparatus

Ideological State Apparatuses

dancing a harmonious minuet hand-in-hand throughout history.

So our liking for Greek art is a nostalgic lapse back into childhood — a piece of unmaterialist sentimentalism which hostile critics have gladly pounced on. But the passage can only be treated thus if it is rudely ripped from the context to which it belongs — the draft manuscripts of 1857, known today as the Grundrisse. Once returned to that context, the meaning becomes instantly apparent. The Greeks, Marx is arguing, were able to produce major art not in spite of but because of the undeveloped state of their society. In ancient societies, which have not yet undergone the fragmenting 'division of labour' known to capitalism, the overwhelming of 'quality' by 'quantity' which results from commodity-production and the restless, continual development of the productive forces, a certain 'measure' or harmony can be achieved between man and Nature — a harmony precisely dependent upon the limited nature of Greek society. The 'childlike' world of the Greeks is attractive because it thrives within certain measured limits — measures and limits which are brutally overridden by bourgeois society in its limitless demand to produce and consume. Historically, it is essential that this constricted society should be broken up as the productive forces expand beyond its frontiers; but when Marx speaks of 'striv(ing) to reproduce its truth at a higher stage', he is clearly speaking of the communist society of the future, where unlimited resources will serve an unlimitedly developing man.

Certain major artistic forms like the epic are only possible in an undeveloped society.

Consciousness does not determine life: life determines consciousness.

To understand ideologies is to understand both the past and the present more deeply; and such understanding contributes to our liberation.

men

that the narrative Marxism has to deliver is the story of the struggles of men and women to free themselves from certain forms of exploitation and oppression. There is nothing academic about those struggles, and we forget this at our cost.

But it may be demanded how came it to pass that so many wicked persons and profane people should so quickly come over into this land, & mixe them selves amongst them? seeing it was religious men yt begane ye work, and they came for religions sake. I confess this may be marveilled at, at least in time to come, when the reasons therof should not be knowne…

and this youth last spoaken of said he was taught it [476]by an other that had heard of such things from some in England when he was ther, and they kept catle togeather. By which it appears how one wicked person may infecte many; and what care all ought to have what servants they bring into their families.

buggery

Divell

And yet all this could not suppress ye breaking out of sundrie notorious sins, (as this year, besids other, gives us too many sad presidents and instances,) espetially drunkennes and unclainnes; not only incontinencie betweene persons unmaried, for which many both men & women have been punished sharply enough, but some maried persons allso. But that which is worse, even sodomie and bugerie, (things fearfull to name,) have broak forth in this land, oftener then once.

sundrie

to begine a plantation

With whom, after frendly entertainment, & some gifts given him, they made a peace with him (which hath now continued this 24. years) in these terms.

and all this willingly & cherfully, without any grudging in ye least, shewing herein their true love unto their freinds & bretheren.

In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of ye faith, &c., haveing undertaken, for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian faith, and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly & mutualy in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, acts, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd ye 11. of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne lord, King James, of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. Ano: Dom. 1620…

Virginia Company

ye first foundation of their govermente in this place;

savage barbarians

indũsments

But there is no such state; sentences emerge only in situations, and within those situations, the normative meaning of an utterance will always be obvious or at least accessible

that there are readers and hearers for whom the intelligibility of the question would have neither of the shapes it had, in a temporal succession, for my colleague.

what bureaucratic matters must be attended to before instruction begins

"I mean in this class do we believe in poems and things, or is it just us?"

They tied his hands behind his back. Out of the big beams outside they made a tripod. They hung him on the beams, kindled a fire and burned him.

Then the chief at Awatovi sent word by this boy that all the priests would be killed on the fourth day after the full moon.

He told the people they would become better women if they lived with him for about three years. Now one of these girls told what the Tota-achi were doing and a brother of the girl heard of this and he asked his sister about it, and he was very angry.

Kachinas

Fray Buenaventura de Verganza

What grieved us most were the dreadful flames from the church and the scoffing and ridicule which the wretched and miserable Indian rebels made of the sacred things, intoning the alabado and the other prayers of the church with jeers.

which I assure your reverence was the most horrible that could be thought of or imagined, because the whole villa was a torch and everywhere were war chants and shouts.

harquebuses

I knew well enough that these dilatory tactics were to give time for the people of the other nations who were missing to join them in order to besiege and attempt to destroy us

With this, seeing after a short time that they not only did not cease the pillage but were advancing toward the villa with shamelessness and mockery

parleys

asking how they expected to live without the religious;

His divine Majesty having thus permitted it because of my grievous sins. Before beginning my narration, I desire, as one obligated and grateful, to give your reverence the thanks due for the demonstrations of affection and kindness which you have given in your solicitude in ascertaining and inquiring for definite notices about both my life and those of the rest in this miserable kingdom, in the midst of persistent reports which had been circulated of the deaths of myself and the others, and for sparing neither any kind of effort nor large expenditures. For this, only Heaven can reward your reverence, though I do not doubt that his Majesty (may God keep him) will do so.

It was strange to see these men, wild and untaught, howling like brutes over our misfortunes. It caused in me as in others, an increase of feeling and a livelier sense of our calamity.

Grod

They stood staring at me a length of time, so confounded that they neither hailed me nor drew near to make an inquiry...

they must be won by kindness, which is a way certain, and no other is.

We had before de- spaired of ever hearing more of Christians. Even yet we were left in great doubt and anxiety, thinking those people were merely persons who had come by sea on discoveries. However, as we had now such exact information, we made greater speed, and as we advanced on our way, the news of the Christians con- tinually grew.

They are all warlike, and have as much strategy for protecting themselves against enemies as they could have were they reared in Italy in continual feuds.

disafljection

they said because of the great poverty of the land, it happened many times, as we witnessed, that they were two or three days without eating, sometimes four, and consequently, in seasons of scarcity, the children were allowed to suckle, that they might not famish ;

the horses had been con- sumed, one only remaining

Grod, our Lord

Among them we saw an animal with a pocket on its belly

The reading of a text is an event occurring at a particular time in a particular environment at a particular moment in the life history of the reader.

heory of knowledge, theory and philosophy of language, linguistic (or ordinary language) philosophy. My theory of literature necessarily has such broader underpinnings, and especially links with a theory of language and a view of how man relates to the natural world. The past half century has seen an increasing gap between the intellectual schools like logical primitivism and behaviorism that try to eliminate the human factor and concentrate on what can be construed as "objective" facts, and the various movements like pragmatism, phenomenology, existentialism, and psychoanalysis that seek in one way or another to incorporate the human consciousness.

We cannot simply look at the text and predict the poem.

Moreover, we see that the reader was not only paying attention to what the words pointed to in the external world, to their referents; he was also paying attention to the images, feelings, attitudes, associations, and ideas that the words and their referents evoked in him.

Other readers evidently waited until they had passed this stage before jotting down such typical notes as the following

One writes, "Upon reading . . . the first time, I couldn't make any sense out of it."

iller than a killer in a cinema thriller, Queerer than a leerer at his leer in a mirror, Madder than an adder with a stone in the bladder. If you want to know why, I cannot but reply:

n a similar way, general affective theory at the literary level has, by the very implications of its program, produced very little actual criticism.

A different psycholo gical criticism, that by author's intention, as we noted in our ear lier essay, is consistent both with piety for the poet and with antiquarian curiosity and has been heavily supported by the his torical scholar and biographer.

r the sentence, "There should be a revolution every twenty years," to which the experimenter in emotive responses attaches now the name Karl Marx (and arouses suspicion), now that of T

ne of the most emphatic points in Mr. Stevenson's system is the distinction between what a word means and what it sug gests. T

the people there were excessively black, and as I sailed westward the heat became extreme.

or like a round ball upon part of which is a prominence like a woman’s nipple,

Everything looked as green as in April in Andalusia.

The Indians on board the ships called this island Saomete. I named it Isabela.

I assure your Highnesses that these lands are the most fertile, temperate, level and beautiful countries in the world.

They have no religion, and I believe that they would very readily become Christians

as they appear to have no religion.

Thursday, 11 October.

Gloria in excelsis Deo

“the rising of the sea was very favorable to me, as it happened formerly to Moses when he led the Jews from Egypt.”

The rudder of the caravel Pinta became loose, being broken or unshipped. It was believed that this happened by the contrivance of Gomez Rascon and Christopher Quintero, who were on board the caravel, because they disliked the voyage.

perpetual Viceroy and Governor in all the islands and continents which I might discover and acquire

Mahomet

Whereas, Most Christian, High, Excellent, and Powerful Princes, King and Queen of Spain and of the Islands of the Sea

Is Eliot's line an allusion to Donne's? Is Prufrock thinking about Donne? Is Eliot thinking about Donne?

the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art

Yet there is danger of confusing personal and poetic studies; and there is the fault of writing the personal as if it were poetic.

Drink a pint of beer, relax, go walking, think on nothing in particular, look at things, surrender yourself to yourself,

poetry is the lava of the imagination

A skillful murder is an example which Coomaraswamy uses, and in his system the difference between the murder and the poem is simply a "moral" one, not an "artistic" one, since each if carried out according to plan is "artistically" successful. We maintain that (2) is an inquiry of more worth than (1), and since (2) and not (1) is capable of distinguishing poetry from murder, the name "artistic criticism" is properly given to (2).

Poetry succeeds because all or most of what is said or implied is relevant; what is irrevelant has been excluded, like lumps from pudding and "bugs" from machinery.

This is life, the only life.

Whoever has any bad thoughts, if he will eat this peyote he will abandon all his bad habits. It is a cure for everything bad.

Before that my heart was filled with murderous thoughts. I wanted to kill my brother and my sister. It seemed to me that my heart would not feel good until I killed one of them. All my thoughts were fixed on the warpath. This is all I thought of. Now I know that it was because the evil spirit possessed me that I felt that way. I was suffering from a disease. I even desired to kill myself;

I tried all of the white man’s medicines

In the middle of the night I saw God.

breakfasted

JOHN RAVE

At intervals they stopped to eat or drink peyote. At about midnight the peyote, as a rule, begins to affect some people. These generally arise and deliver self-accusatory speeches, and make more or less formal confessions, after which they go around shaking hands with everyone and asking forgiveness.

How Glooskap went to England and France, and was the first to make America known to the Europeans.

He and his mother went to France. The French people fired cannon at him till the afternoon. They could not hurt the stone canoe. In the night Glooskap drew all their men-of-war ashore. Next morning the French saw this. They said, “Who did this? He answered, “I did it.”

(Mon-in-kwess, R).

When the plants, who were friendly to man, heard what had been done by the animals, they determined to defeat their evil designs. Each tree, shrub, and herb, down even to the grasses and mosses, agreed to furnish a remedy for some one of the diseases named, and each said: “I shall appear to help man when he calls upon me in his need.” Thus did medicine originate, and the plants, every one of which has its use if we only knew it, furnish the antidote to counteract the evil wrought by the revengeful animals.

No hunter who has regard for his health ever fails to ask pardon of the deer for killing it

another sacrificed himself for the good of the rest in order to furnish a piece of his entrails for the string

he gives this story, but, as I think, in a corrupted form

these diverse and complex cultures and literatures can be made to appear cute, childish, one-dimensional, and boring

Writers of many cultures-from Steinbeck to contemporary Chicano novelists-also have written of the California experience

fragile, regressive, deteriorating

Told in the right context by the appropriate teller and to a cued audience, this little story has great impact

A course which attempts to unite "Native American literature's greatest hits" tends to become a vain search for commonalities which logically should not be there.

there is no such thing as "Native American litera- ture,"

How Glooskap went to England and France, and was the first to make America known to the Europeans.

He and his mother went to France. The French people fired cannon at him till the afternoon. They could not hurt the stone canoe. In the night Glooskap drew all their men-of-war ashore. Next morning the French saw this. They said, "Who did this? He answered, "I did it."

Mon-in-kwess, R

“I’m both the Cassandra and the advocate of digital reading,”

Interestingly, Coiro found that gamers were often better online readers: they were more comfortable in the medium and better able to stay on task.

perhaps digital reading isn’t worse so much as different than print reading

It may come at a cost to understanding, analyzing, and evaluating a text.

The font, color, and size of text can all act in tandem to make our reading experience easier or more difficult.

On the page, they tended to concentrate more on following the text.

all these variables translate into a different reading experience