97 Matching Annotations
  1. Jul 2022
    1. Body Mass Index

      BMI is an outdated tool, and I would mention it's deficiencies. two women of the same height and weight can have drastically different make ups (one very high body fat and one very low body fat).

    1. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

      i would mention that this therapy was specific created FOR borderline personality disorder, but is used in many other disorders too. DBT is also considered the best treatment for personality disorders. i would mention this too

    2. Clients with personality disorders are unlikely to seek treatment.

      this is true for some, such as narcissistic and avoidant. however, people with dependent and borderline often do seek treatment

    1. Childhood trauma

      invalidation of the trauma (or not being believed by caregivers) is another risk factor. Often, if children receive love and validation, soothing, and care after a traumatic event, they do not develop sxs of PTSD or personality disorders.

    2. Demonstrating healthy personal boundaries Accepting responsibility for own’s actions Obeying laws Showing mutual respect in relationships Being independent Displaying confidence Behaving in a nonimpulsive manner

      healthy and effective communication also

    1. Seeking out support from other people, such as friends and family

      it may be worth noting here that being believed and validated rather than invalidated is very important, especially for children who disclose traumatic events to caregivers or other adults.

    2. Bedwetting after having learned to use the toilet Forgetting how to talk or being unable to talk (i.e., selective mutism) Acting out the scary event during playtime Being unusually clingy with a parent or other adult

      hypersexual behavior (if trauma was sexual assault)

    1. The most common antianxiety medications are benzodiazepines.

      This is inaccurate and out dated information. Benzos are no longer first line treatments, and are now (finally) recognized as highly addictive, with many negative side effects and interactiosn with other drugs. As a mental health therapist, I see more and more psychiatrists and NPs avoiding benzos and taking clients off of them, prescribing safer and less addictive options.

      At the very least, please include adequate research and references on the side effects, addictive properties, and interactions.

      In my experience, the most commonly prescribed antianxiety meds prescribed now are SSRIs, followed by beta blockers.

    1. For example, hypothyroidism, a condition where the body produces too little thyroid hormone, often leads to exhaustion and depression, whereas hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone) can trigger manic symptoms.

      hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can both lead to anxiety, depression, mania, can mimic bipolar disorder, and can even disrupt HPA axis.

    2. Stress triggers a chain of chemical reactions and responses in the body. If the stress is short-lived, the body usually returns to normal. But when stress is chronic or the system gets stuck in overdrive, changes in the body and brain can be long-lasting. Every real or perceived threat to one’s body triggers a cascade of stress hormones that produces physiological changes called the stress response. Normally, a feedback loop allows the body to turn off “fight-or-flight” defenses when the threat passes. In some cases, though, the floodgates never close properly, and cortisol levels rise too often or simply stay high. These elevated cortisol levels can contribute to problems such as high blood pressure, immune suppression, asthma, and depression. Studies have also shown that people who have depressive disorders typically have increased levels of CRH. Antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy are both known to reduce these high CRH levels. As CRH levels return to normal, depressive symptoms recede. Research also suggests that trauma during childhood can negatively affect the functioning of CRH and the HPA axis throughout life.[22]

      it seems like this info about stress and trauma is repeated several times through the textbook.

    3. Every part of our body, including our brain, is controlled by our genes. Humans have almost 22,000 genes in their DNA within 46 chromosomes inside the nucleus of each cell. The sequence of nitrogen-containing bases within a strand of DNA forms the genes that act as a molecular code instructing cells in the assembly of amino acids into proteins. See Figure 7.3[16] for an image of sequences of bases within a DNA strand that forms genes. Genes make proteins that are involved in biological processes. Throughout life, different genes turn on and off and make the right proteins at the right time. However, genes can alter biology in a way that results in a person’s mood becoming unstable. In a person who is genetically vulnerable to depression, any stress (such as a missed deadline at work or a medical illness) can then push this system off balance.[17]  

      this paragraph seems unnecessary. too much info for this context

    4. but people typically don’t begin to feel better for several weeks or longer.

      some do feel immediate (but perhaps smaller) changes with SSRIs. I would mention this.

      I would also specify which class of antidepressants you are referring to as well. (sounds like SSRIs).

    5. bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Animal research suggests that lithium stabilizes glutamate reuptake and smooths out the highs of mania and the lows of depression in the long-term.[12]

      perhaps distinguishing between depression and bipolar before talking about specific neurotransmitters would be helpful

    1. Developing a safety plan with the patient and providing the number of crisis call centers can decrease suicidal behavior after the patient leaves the care of the organization

      involving support people like family or friends in this process reduces risk as well.

    1. There are likely several factors that combine to trigger a mental health disorder, including environmental, biological, and genetic factors.[24

      this sentence is great. I would remove the rest of the paragraph. Unnecessary and no citations.

    2. serious

      i really do not like the word "serious" when categorizing different disorders. I have seen cases of "just" anxiety be absolutely debilitating and "very very serious" and i have seen cases of psychosis that were "less serious" and less debilitating. I am more familiar with the term "severe and persistent mental illness" to refer to disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar, etc.