metonym for god

there is a dichotomy between up and down that reinforces the hawk's superiority as he exists in the 'up'

the sun is there to facilitate his survival and his survival only. preserve him and him only.

each stanza is end stopped and this signifies the extent of his power, he is completely and entirely unquestionable in it, it is absolute. this also indicates that these sentences are complete which gives the hawk a sense of control over the narrative. the poem and the natural world meet in this intersection represented by end stopped sentences.

moreover, this also shows the hawks confidence and control, which makes the poem sound a bit like a political manifesto which ties into the greater comparison of him with leaders.

the only stanza that is not endstopped as it reflects a change in leadership, the hawk here takes the reins and there is a shift in the poetic rhythm to reflect this.

could be perceived as an admission of humility. for his life to be lived to the fullest potential, many sacrifices have to be made. similarly, for a totalitarian ruler to come to power fully, many people must leave their critical thinking behind, and embrace a popular ideology. every time the hawk makes a kill, the idea of his dependence is exacerbated.

repetition of kill- so natural for the animal world but jarring for any reader in the human world

convinced he has an unprecedented level of power, right after conceding that he is a product and a creation. in his mind it is all for the taking. unchecked, unrestricted power

he believes that if the world is still, it is because of him, if the world moves he is the axis on which it rotates. he is truly the center, and he can not even be labelled as delusional for these perceptions as he does rightfully occupy the most power.

animals have an inherent violent instinct that they will always succumb to- humans have one as well but they are more inclined to fight this instinct. here we see the hawk equating manners with violence in a very mechanical, matter of fact way.

vagueness, ambiguity, no duplicity or deception, he is a walking, living weapon and he does not try to create any image that presents any alternate reality.

the hawk, unlike totalitarian rulers does not try to present a false reality. rulers imagine and maintain positive images of themselves where their atrocities are confined to closed doors, but the hawk looks for prey, gets it, devours it with no such attempt at a facade.

allotment: double meaning: 1. distribution (intended) - of death, distributing death 2. a plot of land (like a cemetery) the hawk's only contribution to the ecosystem is in the form of death, his only contribution to the world is what he takes from it. Again this is a masterful way to make a comparison with the leaders of today's major human institutions and it is one that Hughes etches out with incredible grace and subtlety.

creation has created the hawk but the hawk is now in control of creation. 'took the whole of creation,,, creation in my foot.' - diacope. the limited perspective again comes into play here, the hawk pays very close attention to all the things that make him undeniably perfect.

a harsh sound is created which punctuates the harsh mood, the hawk is steady and stable and not ready to move anywhere any time soon. his grip over the entirety of creation is firm. guttural sounds.

the hawk believes he is the culmination of god's abilities and that the entirety of creation has conspired to make him. since he is the culmination of god's abilities, it is unsurprising that eventually he will surpass god in his abilities as well.

continued usage of possessive first person pronouns creates reliability and credibility but also provides a limited perspective. when we only see the world from the hawk's perspective, we are inclined to only see his overwhelming superiority.

anthropomorphism. the hawk is hierarchically at the top of everything, he has the authority to pass judgement on everything and the capacity to exercise punishment. this message is similar to how dictators use the same rhetorics over and over again to establish their superiority, to make the hawk's superiority evident he must establish it over and over as well.

utterly emphatic in his violent intentions, he is cruel, without mercy and without pity, even in sleep he thinks about killing. the usage of the word 'perfect' is diction and highlights the satisfaction the hawk derives from killing.

This is the one rhyming couplet in the poem, and the fact that it is a rhyme, makes it akin to something childish and fun, and shows that he derives enjoyment out of the situation

Hooked head/ hooked/ rehearse: aspirant H sound also reinforces this effect of precision. hooked also emphasises his potential for violence, how the hawk is less of an animal and more of a living breathing weapon, a killing machine who's kills are utterly perfect. Nothing comes between his instincts and his actions.

the hawk marvels at nature as something that exists to serve him, everything has been immaculately created and designed to benefit him. he sincerely believes his power trumps everything around him.

the hawk needs no dream or alternate reality to be content, his current one already satisfies all his ambitions as he is surely the most powerful, and thus he also feels comfortable in his absolute immobility. So while other animals may need to anchor themselves to movement, may need to run from place to place to feel safe, the hawk has no such need and even in 'inaction' he is at his safest and most powerful.

Further solidifies his superiority. And strengthens the metaphor that his physical position is on par with his mental superiority. the placement is indicative of his status because he is completely beyond threat. this is a very human notion, a very human idea that the higher something is the more powerful it is, which is why this is another poem where the intersection of man made ideals and the natural world is being explored. The hawk is at the top and thus is associated with the most power even as it lazes

Feet/eat: the usage of these assonant sounds emphasises upon how precise and on point the kill is which is evident in the neatness of the rhyming couplet as well.

the phrasing of the poem is rather simplistic, there is a juxtaposition between the phrasing and the hawk's grand but accurate perceptions of himself. There are six stanzas, all quatrains and there is only one rhyming couplet throughout which is significant in it's own way. Uneven, irregular length of lines portrays the unpredictability and immense power of the hawk.

Animals close their eyes when they feel safe, when there is no eminent threat. We see how the hawk feels immensely safe because he knows that nothing can get to him at the top.

Roosting: resting of birds, taking up a position when they are not otherwise engaged. This is a verb but here it is used as a noun.

iago has a very contemptuous attitude towards his wife. he does not respect her, and his temperament is very typical of a patriarchal man, except he's only playing a role. while his wife does everything she can to try and reach his absurd ideals.

Cassio's language is picturesque and flowery. showing his reverence for othello and desdemona that is surely class based. also shows the impetuosity, and desire to please his superiors that is very fitting given his capacity as a young soldier climbing the ranks of the millitary. but his gallantry and flowery addresses make it easier for Iago to put his plan together, and make it much more believable that he should be having adulterous relations with desdemona.

Othello is at the height of his happiness, it's all downhill from here.

pathetic fallacy. the characters absorb the tragedy of the setting. in this part of the book, the turks have lost. but in the real war, the events of which occur after the events of the play, result in the defeat of the venetians. this casts a foreboding shadow of gloom over the events of the play. this incoming tragedy mirrors othello's fate and makes it a lot more poignant.

Irony- he has survived the horrible storms that have extinguished the turkish naval fleet. he has survived the literal storm, but he will not be able to brave the onslaught of the metaphorical storm- the tragedy. both othello and desdemona have made it out alive of storm 1, but storm 2 will be the ruination of both of them. Iago's machiavallian villainy surpasses any natural threat in the magnitude of damage it contrives to inflict.

personification

montano does not serve a real purpose but to build up Othello's credibility, to show how even though Montano has to relinquish his position to Othello, he harbours nothing but respect for him.

Iago's trying to get cassio to say salicious things but Cassio is better than that, he speaks of her with some admiration and respect. he reveres her- class exceeds patriarchy.

this is one scene where iago and othello are equal in importance. we see iago's presence pervade everything, every little action, there is nothing that happens that is not a direct consequence of something he has done. Othello plays a similar role here, he is not physically present but casts a shadow over the events of the scene. the fact that the hero and the villain are coming head to head here, can indicate that there is about to be an explosion of sorts- that one of them will emerge victorious. and due to the nature of the play- tragedie- we know it will be othello. this gives a foreboding air to the scene.

the clown also serves as a messenger. a go between. this reflects the sad humor of the situation. the clown being the messenger could very evidently mean that the situation is a joke, that everything Cassio does to rectify his situation digs him further into the grave that Iago has set up for him. There is a pointlessness to everything, but it could also be construed as darkly humourous, how each character struggles against their fate, which Iago, playing God has already decided.

Cassio asks them to play, and Othello does not like the music so sends the clown to ask the musicians to stop.

premodifier- help establish the image that othello will then negate.

bestial imagery, equestrian imagery, equine.

Implications of corruption, and trickery and deception. Ironic because these are all arts Iago excels in.

roderigo discloses his identity but iago will not.

Brobantio's response to the rumor can be contradicted with othello's response. The security, safety and comfort brobantio has in himself and his social position is unlike Othello, who is therefore prone to accepting ideas that may suggest that he is undeserving of all that he has. Othello sees himself as an outsider even as he integrates into Venetian society, so it's easy to prey on him, to deceive him, to trap him in a web of his own insecurity.

Bestial, animal imagery. sexual innuendos, dehumanisation. marriage as bestiality.

sense of familiarity and concern

Uses the extended metaphor of a robbery to appeal to Brobantio's innate sense of possessiveness, and urgency. Preys on the pride of a staunch patriarch. This will spur him into action, and force him to act with the kind of immediacy from which rash decisions are born. Also shows the prevalent casual misogyny, the loss of Desdemona is being equated to the loss of material goods. Furthermore, the forbidden marriage of Desdemona is being seen as a crime, which goes to show the extent of the lack of autonomy she exercises over her own life. Showing the occurring events as a crime also makes it easier for brobantio to criminalise Othello.

This serves no real purpose to the plan. Inciting Brobantio and ruining Othello's wedding night is not in any way consequential or necessary for the tragedy to unfold. This suggests that Iago has no real motive for engaging in such activity, and points to one of the many factors that help characterise him as someone with psychopathic tendencies. He seeks emotional highs, is never content with peace and as an added idiosyncrasy, seeks to harm people with the chaos he inflicts. This sense of meaningless sadism prevails throughout the play, and makes the tragedy even more poignant, because what was it all for?

evident disrespect

a characteristic of psychopaths; an inflated sense of self. grandiose perceptions of oneself.

ironic, believes the preordained system that prides all the right things should reward him by making him lieutenant. while he plans the most heinous of actions to be acted upon his military superior.

plosive alliteration to highlight intensity of his hatred for othello, othello's name not taken- dehumanization which is a recurrent theme.

this is confusing to me, why would one engage in war to create problems be a better alternative to developing strategies for pre existing problems? is the fundamental reform worth the cost?

one example of where this is a questionable notion: Pakistan is a weak state with an intensely capable army, it is strong and will survive under war circumstances with india. But is millitary strength what defines a strong state. this seems like a very archaic idea to me. all in all this seems like a very brave paper.

this is very idealistic. people arent monoliths. they are under war because of the actions of a system. its absurd to ask them to swear loyalty to a failing system

its not vecause of inherent issues that these cuntries are damaeged

important

HYVS OF WHEAT: MAXI PAK SHAHKAN 95 KOHSON 95 WADNAK 95

tropic of cancer and it is 3 and a half degrees north.

why is wheat important? - it is a staple dietary componet - it is 40 % of the crop grown in pakistan - it is used for thatching of roofs as well - it is used for export and satisfying domestic need

dasht

upper indus plain topography: northern part of indus plain flat, undulating land sloping south west meanders, oxbow lakes, levees and braided channels. these are all similar to lower indus plain too. however: - lower indus plain slopes south not southwest - it has almost flat undulating land - it also has meanders, oxbow lakes, braided channels levees etc - they both have rolling sand dunes and piedmont planes and alluvial fans. what the indus plain has are alluvial terraces, the lower indus plan does not

A is an active flood plain. the characteristics of an active flood plain include the following: - it is on both sides of the river - it is inundated almost every year when the river floods - when the rainy season ends it is marked with braided channels that are rich in alluvium - meanders - oxbows - levees

C is a scarp; - a long steep slope - or a cliff - at the end of a ridge or a plateau - scarps are typically formed by erosion when the river overflows

hyderabad

indus

tajikistan

karakoram highway

balochistan