Mongolia, for example, Qing authorities sharply restricted the entry of Chinese merchants and other immigrants in an effort to preserve the area as a source of recruitment for the Chinese military.
It makes sense that the Mongols to have very strict roles. The Mongols were known for being a force to be reckoned with. so them cutting off trade is not a crazy idea.
Empire building was an extended process, involving the Russian state and its officials as well as a variety of private interests — merchants, hunters, peasants, churchmen, exiles, criminals, and adventurers.
What kind of roles were needed in an empire?? And what constituted the need for those roles? Obviously roles such as hunting, gathering, and caretaking were necessary as they are today in a way. But who takes these roles? and how do they decide which roles are needed
the more densely populated and urbanized Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations differed greatly from the more sparsely populated rural villages of North America.
I wonder what kind of things had to do with the different kinds of civilizations that existed. Was it climate? culture? the people??
Wet, cold summers reduced harvests dramatically in Europe, while severe droughts ruined crops in many other regions, especially China, which suffered terrible drought between 1637 and 1641.
It's interesting to see how different climates can affect the agriculture and culture of different cultures.