Stevenson et al. [24] found that children (both 3 year-olds and 8/9 year-olds) with certain polymorphisms in histamine degradation genes had greater adverse responses to synthetic food dyes.
Important development years in a Childs youth
82 Matching Annotations
- Jan 2024
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openurl-ebsco-com.ezp.idm.oclc.org openurl-ebsco-com.ezp.idm.oclc.org
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estimated that 8% of children with ADHD may have symptoms related to synthetic food dyes.
A decent amount of these children experienced food dye symptoms
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per day and worsening behavioral scores
yellow 5 - worsened behavior
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Conners Parent scale
ADHD
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Six studies assessed tartrazine only
Problematic chemical.
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All studies used cross-over designs. In the cross-over design, each subject receives each treatment (including placebo) and, thus, the subjects serve as their own controls, which minimizes bias and confounding.
Extremely beneficial to include these aspects of experiment uplifting credibility value and accuracy.
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ere in the US (44%)
Main focus.
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for synthetic food dyes were established by the US FDA between the 1960s and the1980s based on general toxicology studies
Out dated research
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hese tables show the criteria used to evaluate study quality, which included randomization, placebo use, dropout rate, blinding, whether dose-response was assessed, outcome metric validation, replication, and adequate washout.
Diverse experiment methods
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Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1515 Clay St, Oakland CA, and 1001 I St, Sacramento, California, USA. Mark.Miller@oehha.ca.gov. 2 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, 1515 Clay St, Oakland CA, and 1001 I St, Sacramento, California, USA. 3 Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California, USA. 4 Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California, Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA, USA.
Credibility credentials from each person listed above.
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children have surfaced periodically since the 1970s
Background - symptoms have been an increasing problem since 1970s, finally we have a answer but we are not doing anything about it.
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double blinded and the cross-over
Randomized study benefit - participants receive both the placebo and treatment so bias is prevented and more accurate results.
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There is a need to re-evaluate exposure in children and for additional research to provide a more complete database for establishing ADIs protective of neurobehavioral effects.
The FDA needs to re-establish the ADI of synthetic food dyes and do more research to protect the children.
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ADIs may not be adequate to protect neurobehavior in susceptible children
The acceptable daily intake isn't effective
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double blinded and the cross-over
a medical or treatment trial that modifies the traditional double-blind study by switching the patients from either the treatment or placebo to the opposite halfway through
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oehha.ca.gov oehha.ca.gov
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common exposures to Red No. 3 from a few foods may exceed the existing AD
Red 3 - very dangerous and cancer causing
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The percentage of American children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has increased from an estimated 6.1% to 10.2% during the last 20 years.
What foods became popular in those years? Yogurts, new cereal's, candies and deserts for kids? Our society should be decreasing in disorders such as ADHD not increasing.
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Sam Delson
Author credibility: Sam Delson - appointed as the office’s Deputy Director for External and Legislative Affairs in April, 2007. - The office’s liaison with the Legislature, the news media and the public. - Responsible for producing and distributing informational materials and directs the Proposition 65 Implementation Program. - previously served as a principal consultant in the California State Legislature for Assembly members Darrell Steinberg and Alberto Torrico and was a fiscal and policy analyst for the Legislative Analyst’s Office. - Before entering government service, he was a newspaper reporter and editor. - Earned a Master of Arts degree in communication at Stanford University - Earned a Master in Public Administration degree at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. - His undergraduate degree is from Carleton College.
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as well as pregnant women and women of childbearing age
Also another important perspective. Does this effect a childs development during pregnancy. Does the food a women consumes led to further complications
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are based on 35- to 70-year-old studies that were not designed to detect the types of behavioral effects that have been observed in children
Extremely important note. Outdated information.
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US Food and Drug Administration decades ago and do not reflect newer research.
similar to last article: ADI needs to be reviewed by the FDA
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www.fda.gov www.fda.gov
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the federal regulation of color additives has a long history and remains an important program for the FDA in assuring that consumers have safe and properly labeled products.
This article is written on an FDA platform and workers within the FDA. Could bias play a factor? Absolutely. Is this information all accurate? Its possible that its not.
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One example of a long-standing policy since the early 1900s concerns the use of small, silver balls or "silver dragees" sold for decorating cookies, cakes, etc.
Great example and important to note.
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FDA has recently sent warning letters for undeclared
...Article written in 2017. There is still not enough awareness of this topic. The FDA needs to do more than labels.
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FDA has several advisory, administrative, and judicial options which include warning letters, detentions, issuance of import alerts, and seizure
Precautions taken after violations have occurred.
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The petitioner for a new color additive must provide information on the following:
Listing for new color additives.
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21 CFR Section
This is the Code of Federal Regulations that governs food and drugs within the United States for the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).
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Listed color additives permitted for use in food
Could be helpful for paper.
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Julie N. Barrows, Ph.D., is a consumer safety officer in the Office of Cosmetics and Colors, FDA CFSAN. She has worked at FDA since 1988, first in research on color additive certification and currently in the regulation of color additives and cosmetics. Arthur L. Lipman, Ph.D., is supervisory Consumer Safety Officer in CFSAN's Office of Food Additive Safety. Dr. Lipman has worked at FDA in the regulation of food ingredients, with a specialty in color additives, since 1977. Catherine J. Bailey, M.Ed., is Acting Director of the Division of Science and Applied Technology in the Office of Cosmetics and Colors, FDA CFSAN. She joined FDA in 1975 as a chemist and performed laboratory investigations and petition coordination for color additives. She is Director of CFSAN's Executive Operations and is a member of the Food Safety Magazine Editorial Advisory Board. Series Editor: Sebastian Cianci
Credibility
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FDA considers such factors as probable consumption
Times have changed and consumption has changed this should be re-evaluated.
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tartrazine" becomes "FD&C Yellow No. 5."
The chemical is changed into a color dye name.
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five working days.
Monday - Friday (business days)
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At least 10 analyses are performed, for purity (total color content), moisture, residual salts, unreacted intermediates, colored impurities other than the main color (called subsidiary colors), any other specified impurities, and the heavy metals lead, arsenic, and mercury.
Very strict process.
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ersonnel evaluate its physical appearance and chemically analyze it
Where does the problem root and why are chemicals still surpassed even when dangerous.
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Prior to certification, the batch cannot be used in food, drug, cosmetic, or medical device products and must be stored separately from batches already certified.
Batch needs to be certified and go through a thorough process.
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Batch certification is required when the composition needs to be controlled to protect the public health.
Batch testing is a good system but its not enough because its the requirements and regulations set for those bathes that are the problem.
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cochineal extract (and its lake, carmine) is derived from an insect.
Its extracted from bugs and it still used today, however the name was changed so its less simple to identify it in ingredients. Gross.
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Those for food use are chemically classified as azo, xanthene, triphenylmethane, and indigoid dyes
Chemically classified...*
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21 CFR part 71
provides guidance so that responsible firms may conduct an effective alternative to an FDA-initiated court action for removing or correcting violative products that have been distributed.
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so it takes only a small quantity to potentially adulterate a large amount of product.
People can overuse products, it happens often, from servings of food to use of products in multiple dishes.
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carcinogen
a substance that is cancer causing
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approved
Color had been approved, still dangerous.
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labeling and recordkeeping provisions, identified diluents that could be added to color additives, and established procedures for requesting certification of color additives and adding new color additives to the permitted list.
Has been noted that to today this research done is still ineffective due to lack of updated research on aspects such as ADI's. (Acceptable daily intakes)
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it became clear that the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 did not go far enough to protect the public health
Even years ago the FDA was still dodging lawsuits and weren't doing enough to protect the people
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Tartrazine
Terrible chemical for people.
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allows us to identify products on sight, like candy flavors, medicine dosages, and left or right contact lenses
An explanation that proves an importance to the use of food dye other than to make foods "appealing." - Good to note. But, still, what about healthier alternatives.
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Lakes
Definition: an insoluble pigment made by combining a soluble organic dye and an insoluble mordant.
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saffron, iron and lead oxides, and copper sulfate
Not generally safe. For example Saffron is only safe when used in a specific limited dose.
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Paprika, turmeric
Safe
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In 1906, Congress passed the Food and Drugs Act, which prohibited the use of poisonous or deleterious colors in confectionery and the coloring or staining of food to conceal damage or inferiority
How are none safe chemicals still being added to our foods.
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www.eatingwell.com www.eatingwell.com
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Look for foods bearing the green-and-white USDA certified organic label, but be aware that foods labeled "made with organic ingredients" may still contain synthetic dyes
Great advice. - Helpful guidance provided for an easy way to steer away from the problem.
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We see reactions in sensitive individuals that include core ADHD symptoms, like difficulty sitting in a chair and interrupting conversations," says David Schab, M.D., M.P.H., assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University and co-author of a 2004 meta-analysis
Good credibility use and great way to incorporate other sources. - Dyes can enhance hyperactivity in already hyperactive children. Dyes don't just create a problem, they add on to it.
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children who consumed a mixture of common synthetic dyes displayed hyperactive behavior within an hour of consumption.
*Only an hour after consumption. Great point.
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hey performed worse on tests that measured their ability to recall images than when they drank a placebo
Very thought provoking case study.
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Center for Science in the Public Interest.
a non-profit organization that advocates for safer and healthier foods
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While natural colorants made from foods like beets are available, many manufacturers opt for synthetic dyes-which may have dangerous health consequences,
As Americans have other healthier alternatives, we still chose to led with ones harming our societies.
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By Milton Stokes, M.P.H., RD
Credibility
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www.fda.gov www.fda.gov
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These color additives do not need to be approved by the FDA before being used in products
This is still not an effective method. You can add that patch testing is necessary but is it effective? Do people typically patch test? This is an example of ways products get off easily and make it legally okay.
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as absolute safety of any substance
True, but everything in moderation. Usually people are also more aware of these issues though, food dye is not something everyone knows is harmful and should be consumed in moderation.
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from cough syrup and eyeliner to contact lenses and cereal
Your body can absorb and consume these chemicals in various forms. These dyes are also used condiment's humans put on their skin and its absorbed and goes into your bloodstream.
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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he future approve only well-tested, safe dyes.
Solution: Create better systems for testing dye safety and update information.
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nutritional quality of foods
Colors hold no nutritional value and hold no purpose other than to make food look more pleasing.
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Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6
My main focus colors
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carcinogenic
Definition: ability to cause cancer
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originally from coal tar and now petroleum
Extremely toxic.
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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1:30 - First mention of hyper Activity. (False diagnosis made of ADHD, luckily Dr Bevans did her own research in avoiding this harmful situation). 2:16- Child mentions brain buzzes. -Research found answers on how Red 40 causes hyperactivity and symptoms along brain buzzing in children -Mom removed red 40 from diet. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4:34 - First mention of emotional and behavioral changes. -Emotional fits and temper tantrums occurring frequently and easily set off. -Rebecca's child would scratch himself and yank at his clothes during melt down. The child would make mentions of self harm at 7 years old. 5:39 - After research mentions yellow 5 causing irritability in children and both Yellow 5 and 6 causing children to have emotional disturbances. -Got rid of all artificial food dyes in diet. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6:08 - After removing food dye the child crashed like "an addict coming off drugs" -3 days after removal - breakdowns stopped -Child had symptoms including fatigue, cravings, low stamina and soreness. -Took the child 3 months to recover physically, and 6 months to resort back to his old self -After removal the child was able to gain more weight causing him to look more healthy. Meaning the dyes caused harm to digestive health. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8:19 - First mention of Green dye. (Specifically Green 3) -Caused energetic out bursts, unable to sleep. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8:51- Mention of Blue dye. (Blue 1) -Caused moodiness, grumpiness, and more. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10:03 - chart of the way each food dye effects the child and for how long symptoms take place. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11:26 - Statistics chart on behavioral disorders 12:22 - Peoples comments on the results of the removal of artificial food dyes from their children's diets. 13:16 - list of common places food dyes are found 15:04 - guide on how to remove food dyes from diet.
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3:47 - clarifies what artificial food dyes are: man made petroleum based chemicals added to foods for appearance and color. Some are linked to cancer. In our foods to look appealing.
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Dr. Rebecca Bevans
1:38 - First sign of hyperactivity. (False diagnosis which could of been harmful) She mentions only a day to day reaction. 2:17 - Child mentions brain buzzes - Moms first finding: Effects of Red 40 food dye (known for hyperactivity) - took out all Red 40 in Childs diet: buzzes stoped
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Credibility: Professor of Psychology at Western Nevada College, Teaches Psychology 101, Child Development, Adolescent Psychology, Social Psychology, and Abnormal Psychology classes, PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience, and has a Master’s degree in Human and Non-Human Animal Behavior and Development.
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- Dec 2023
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Yet the FDA still does not require manufacturers to test dyes for developmental neurotoxicity.
Very important.
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United Kingdom Fanta orange soda is colored with pumpkin and carrot extracts while the U.S. version uses Red 40 and Yellow 6
Why cant the U.S. do what the U.K does? Whats the issue?
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The FDA calculated in 1985 that
The FDA has been aware this since 1985 and its still permitied after how much cancer has effected our society. "Just under" concern shouldn't be okay. We shouldnt be taking an risks.
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carcinogenicity
potentially cancer causing
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ased in Montana, has written for EHP since 1996. She also writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of NursingPMC Copyright notice Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
Author credibility
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www.fda.gov www.fda.gov
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Color additive violations are a common reason for detaining imported cosmetic products that are offered for entry into the U.S.
Imported products are another big factor.
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Yellow No. 5 must also be identified by its uncertified name, “tartrazine.”
Tartrazine also known to trigger asthma
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no color additives are approved for permanent makeup (a form of tattooing). And henna is approved for use on the hair, but not the skin.
Important information that many are not aware of. How to people get away with this, it is false advertising and very harmful to clients.
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as long as the products’ labels include both a statutory caution statement and instructions for patch-testing.
A way to navigate around an issue, more specifically a lawsuit.
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Linda Katz, M.D., M.P.H., director of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Cosmetics and Colors
Credibility
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Michael F Jacobson
Credibility: Has a Ph.D. in microbiology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Founder of the National Food Museum. Worked in the Center for Science in the Public for over 44 years, and as exsecutive director for over 39 years.
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Sarah Kobylewski
Credibility: Doctoral Candidate in Molecular Toxicology at UCLA. So, she studies genes to research and diagnose various diseases and disorders.
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genotoxicity
a chemical agent that causes genetic mutation within a cell. (cancer causing)
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