Usually means that an expression always evaluates to the same result in any context.

Purely functional programming appoints a programming paradigm that treats all computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions.

In logic, a metavariable (also metalinguistic variable or syntactical variable) is a symbol or symbol string which belongs to a metalanguage and stands for elements of some object language. For instance, in the sentence Let A and B be two sentences of a language ℒ

In mathematics, function application is the act of applying a function to an argument from its domain so as to obtain the corresponding value from its range.

λ-calculus treats functions "anonymously", without giving them explicit names.

if(x==true) { return y; else { return (z+x); }

In computer science, the abstract syntax of data is its structure described as a data type (possibly, but not necessarily, an abstract data type), independent of any particular representation or encoding.

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist.

Wren • Small Imperative Language • Control Structures: if, while • Types: integer, boolean • Strongly typed language • Keywords are reserved

a form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.

Many programming languages support the conversion of a value into another of a different data type. This kind of type conversions can be implicitly or explicitly made. Implicit conversion, which is also called coercion, is automatically done. And the explicit conversion is known as Casting.

Lists in Python are not hashable because Python does not permit mutable data to be keys to dictionaries.

Java ArrayLists are hashable because Java, one, does not have any language-level support for immutability, and two forces all objects to be hashable. Whether the hash is "useful" depends on the class's implementation.

Similar to Java and C

"How MIT’s new biological ‘computer’ works, and what it could do in the future"

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/232190-how-mits-new-biological-computer-works-and-what-it-could-do-in-the-future

"Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering."

COBOL usage is steadily decreasing.

The Institute for Advanced Study "has served as a model for protecting and promoting independent inquiry, prompting the establishment of similar institutes around the world, and underscoring the importance of academic freedom worldwide."

We have come so far in programming where such a task as this takes so little time now a days.