according to Hays, there are gaps as well that limit the broad applicability of unadapted CBT. For example, standard CBT emphasizes assertiveness, personal independence, verbal ability, and rationality, which might be contraindicated if the client's cultural mores emphasize subtle/indirect communication, interdependence, listening and observing, and spirituality. Thus, Hays developed the ADDRESSING framework, which is a comprehensive approach to working with multicultural populations within the CBT paradigm (Hays 1996, 2008).