霍夫丁不等式[编辑]
一组独立的、有界随机变量的和,偏离其期望超过某定值的概率的上限。
霍夫丁不等式[编辑]
一组独立的、有界随机变量的和,偏离其期望超过某定值的概率的上限。
POMDP's policy is a mapping from the observations (or belief states) to the actions
将策略定为从当前观测到动作的映射是不合适的,因为观测序列不是markov的,最优动作不能仅由当前观测所确定。 正确的说,应该是从观测历史到动作的映射,或者说是内部状态到动作的映射
. Given b ( s ) {\displaystyle b(s)} , then after taking action a {\displaystyle a} and observing o {\displaystyle o} ,
Pr(s' | b,a,o) proportional to Pr(o | b,a,s') x Pr(s'|b,a)
s'的先验概率可以由我的belief和我的动作和环境状态转移算出。 在观测到o 之后的后验概率可以由贝叶斯定理算出。就这么简单
An event space, which is a set of events F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} F
可以把omega看作是可能宇宙集合,事件看作是一个propostion。
belief is a state
新state成为原始state上的模糊集
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If policy of player A is determined, from the action of player A there is a posterior probability of Player A has a high card (let's call it q) , then you can use p to maximize player B's expected utility and find p is equal to q .
Paradox simply comes from that at this decision point, plan optimal(reveal card with a probability r) is not action optimal(reveal card with probability 1).
a n3:falsehood .
在哪里定义的?
x!p means [ is p of x ]
这啥?
Any keyword may still be given, even if not in the keyword list, by prefixing it with "@"
事实上如果把keyword看作是@这个namespace里的node也许更好。
A new version can be given a version id by hashing the version id of its predecessor with the message id of the patch used to make the new from the old
类似区块链
The only awkwardness in the syntax above could be the select clause, in cases in which a list of variables is to be returned. The reason for this is that the selct clause has to be a graph, in order to be quoted. It is logically incorrect to give the variables unquoted.
照我说,ql就应该只能返回graph,那就没这个问题了
The response graph is the set of statements of the form { qqq q:result G } where qqq is the query and G is a result graph. A disadvantage is complexity. An advantage is greater extensibility in that more information can easily be return ed without fear of confusing it with example: Advantage: the response graph can contain other metadata with less risk of it getting confused with the data returned.
我觉得这个很好
逻辑属性和内置函数的定义。
计算蕴含的定义。
incluede的定义(这是一个计算蕴含)。
notIncludes的定义(它是单调的)(由于采用了符号,它在实践中是可以计算的)
implies不是可计算的,不是built-in的。(注意它是用substitution定义的)
filter操作很实用。
重复运用规则的结果 的定义。(结果中不包括被n3-entail的陈述)(后件中允许有空节点/存在量化)
cwm的几个重要命令:--rule, --think, --filter
support: 规则推断+ 逻辑蕴含
conclusion: supports 闭包
要点
Formula的定义: conjunction + 全程量化 + 存在量化。
substitution的概念。
定义了conjunction elimination, existential introduction, universal elimination, variable renaming, union of formulae 几种保真的操作。
A n3-entailment B,就定义为A在这几种操作下变换为B。
N3的动机是开放网络上的推理。它是单调的,但是有Scoped Negation As Failure的能力。