Last effort to advocate for a practice of shamelessness that begins within the self.

Jim Crow. Embodying black people as criminals. White people are able to commit crimes as black people, but can wash away this identity and subsequently, the consequences of their actions like they wash the paint away with soap and water.

Positioning black people as vital members of a functioning society rather than people deserving of shame and exploitation or criminals and rapists.

White complacency as a form of shame.

Here, Wells discredits the mob because they consistently overlook facts and instead, look for stories that confirm their prejudiced beliefs to justify lynching.

The criminal justice system (the institution) and the people who benefit and uphold these systems (white society) walk hand in hand to oppress black people. The eradication of shame and injustice is not possible without changing the way that both of these systems operate. Trying to change one, will only create more opposition and resistance in the other.

Little has changed. These white supremacist practices have adapted/manifested in different and new ways to survive in a modern climate.

Deliberate misrepresentation by the media as a way to substantiate claims and ideas that are wholly based on lies and prejudice.

Blaming black people for their own oppression.

Although he is no longer a slave, he is not free in speech, conduct, ambition, relations, politics, education or social and economic movement. He remains a slave to white supremacist policies and practices without the title of "slave".

Suggests that lynching is an effective tool to restrict the sexual desires and interracial relationships incited by black males.

Positioning black male sexual desire as animalistic and completely overcoming them. This position allows them to continue to be viewed as "less than" human beings because they do not reflect on consequences as sentimental whites are framed as doing. Rather, black men are framed as giving into sexual desire over being thoughtful members of society.

Suggests that white women are in constant need of protection (their white male saviors).

All major institutions were corrupted by white supremacy beliefs and practices including the media. This is evident in the way they skew the facts and details of lynching at the time in order to fit a narrative that creates fear and revulsion of black men. Even today, the media frames racialized people in ways that affirm stereotypes and perpetuates oppression.

Lynch law allows white voices to prevail over black voices even in and especially in the face of blatant lack of evidence, double standards, and unjust proceedings.

Emphasis on the fragility and emotionality of white women as an excuse to murder black men without proper criminal justice procedure.

The protection of white women substantiates white society in its effort to commit perpetual violence on black men.

An attempt to position people against lynching as for the assault and abuse of white women. This phrase hints at the idea that you cannot support justice for black men and justice for white women at the same time. It positions these two ideas as in direct conflict with one another.

White males are consistently defended in their actions and violations of women, especially women of colour, and are constantly met with little to no punishment. The justice system employs corrupt practices and different sentences for different races because it seeks to uphold as many white men as possible by eliminating any chance that they may be dragged down by the institution of justice. This rings true even today when people like Brock Turner are given only minor sentences compared to their Black, Indigenous and Latinx counterparts because they show "promise" as educated, young white males who must be allowed to claim their position at the top of society.

This indicates that white men who violate and abuse black women remain respected, that black women's bodies have no value, and in the end, white men who participate in this type of behavior will ultimately be rewarded (detective position). Ultimately, they continue to be valued and respected in society because they uphold and embody the systems of white supremacy that are in place.

Positioning white women's bodies as sacred and deserving of protection and retaliation whereas black women's bodies are framed as sexual objects anyways so they are paid no mind when they are violated. This could also be the case because black female bodies were often violated by white men so to punish those rapists would be to call into question the idea of the white male as a whole (something they would never be willing to do).

Black men are being punished to satisfy white male insecurity. Because the white man, especially of wealthy stature, has been positioned as an owner over land, bodies of colour and women's bodies, society allows those who resist this total ownership to be punished, exiled and killed.

Wells works here to circumvent the shame of black men by saying that white women should bear more blame due to their supposedly being the superior race.

Hypocrisy of a patriarchal white-ruling society. White men father many mulatto children often by means of rape, yet consensual relationships between white women and black men end in lynching, punishment and shame.

The white woman's word is absolute in protecting black men from being assumed rapists and sexual predators upon white women. This seems to be an act of resistance by white women in circumventing the immediate shaming of black men and in turn, empowering themselves as agents of their own bodies.

She is disgraceful to her society because she is refusing to shame the man who got her pregnant and refuses to be victimized as a white women preyed upon as a victim of assault ( the more comfortable narrative for white society). She is taking charge of her sexual agency and desire as a form of resistance to shame.

The black man in this case is framed as the one doing the disgracing. The young woman has no agency over her own body and therefore, is said to be disgraced by an other. She appears to be described as lacking the ability to have control over her own actions. She is portrayed as a victim and deviant simultaneously, for protecting the name of her child's father.

Interesting to note that Sarah Clarke is distancing herself from her white identity and equating herself as black simply because she is poor. Alternatively, her society says that despite the fact that she is poor, it does not equate her with the black identity and therefore, her identity as a white woman must still be preserved and protected. She lacks sexual and social agency.

A white woman's reputation relies on the criminalization, abuse and murder of black men. (White delilah vs Black sampson)

The justice system relies on the testimony and deception of rich whites to continue to oppress and punish black people for merely existing. Here, the woman seems to be framed additionally as having guilt and emotion overcome her as a subject who then frees the black man from his guilt. She does the feeling which then incarcerates and exonerates him from guilt, but not shame.

Double standard much...While white men are allowed to seduce and objectify black women, both black men and white and black women experience shame in trying to cross over racial lines. Black men and white women are forbidden and shamed for any type of physical or romantic connections they may have. Black women are embodied as over-sexed bodies, specifically for the use and pleasure of white men.

This passage seems to illustrate that love or sexual relations between black men and white women is forbidden (Romeo and Juliet) and therefore, becomes more enticing.

I don't know much about the story of Sampson and Delilah, but from what I read, it appears that Delilah was a seductress who made Sampson fall in love with her, though she did not return the sentiment. She seduced Sampson and convinced him to reveal the source of his strength to her, which was his hair. At this point, she sent a servant to cut his hair off, his eyes were gouged and he was forced to grind grain in a mill thereafter. Essentially, this passage speaks to the dynamic that exists between white women and black men. Black men are seen as rapists of white women at this time and are therefore betrayed by society and lynched.

It is interesting to note that their paper is called the "free speech" and when black people try to enact free speech, they are threatened with bodily harm, forced to exile and once again, white society controls and limits the "free speech" of racialized groups.

Because the slave was not named in the paper and his only title was Mr. Dalcho's slave, he is given no body and no value, other than his value as respective to someone who owns him. This also reflects the way that both George and Rosa are disembodied in the narrative as a whole.

The way that the murder is described by the Georgian paper speaks to a larger narrative about exercising narrative and media control through a racially biased perspective. This micro-description in the paper seems to be a whisper of what is going on in this story as a whole. The entire narrative is controlled and limited to the white perspective and therefore, excludes and oppresses the black voice.

The narrator (white, I presume) is attributing feeling and sentimentality to George.

Hierarchical and racially biased justice system in place. This type of racialized injustice echoes into today's justice system.

The slave master believes that Rosa is the embodiment of sexual desire for his own personal use; a projection that his wife seems to be protected from. When she tries to have some sexual agency over herself, the slave master kills Rosa. He exercises a final act of dominance and complete ownership over her body by taking her life.

This is an argument for feeling. Here, Rosa's emotionality appeals to George in understanding her suffering.

Sexual embodiment of the black, slave woman while the white wife is protected or rather, positioned outside of sexual desire and embodiment.

This might be a bit of a stretch, but it seems to me that this passage reflects the idea that white women use black women to project their sexual desire upon. Rosa, in this case, is being decorated for Marion's pleasure so it seems that Rosa is the object of beauty and desire, while Marion is orchestrating this dynamic.

Incorporation of a southern slave dialect into the text. This reminds me of how Gage relayed Truth's speech through a similar dialect. White perception of the "other" through language and the master narrative voice overpowering voices of slave figures.

I believe in this instance that the blanket as with many other cases in the story, represents family. Here, Chato has no other place than with Ayah in the blanket and this may be because Indigenous people were often relocated, and separated from their traditional territory. Even though this is all Navajo land, he has a lack of belonging to this place that has been instilled through colonization. The only safe space he has left is with his wife.

Her traditional territory/ the land as a place of refuge and safety, as opposed to a colonial institution like a hospital---that represents danger, separation and volatility. The land is also entangled with her memories. The land and memories of her children cannot be separated from one another. Embedded in the land is the history of her ancestors and also represents the future of her children, therefore memory is inherently attached to the hills.

She hates Chato because he forced the white man's way upon her---initially, she thought it would help to be able to write her name, but it only allowed for her to fall victim to manipulation and coercion by the doctors/police, and thus, it hurt her in the long run to try and exist within that colonial system. Namely, she tried to exist and function in a system that was designed to eliminate her and way of life.

I think here, she's saying that the separation of the family is worse than their death because if they had died, they would have at least been together, maintained their culture and language whereas the seperation is almos a more deeply rooted tragedy whose effects will be longer lasting. (ie. intergenerational loss of culture, language, foster care system, trauma)

She mourned Jimmie as a symbol of resistance to the breaking up of the family and to the eradication of their culture. Jimmie, being able to speak English, would never have let his mom sign away Danny and Ella.

At the beginning of the story there is this sharp contrast between Ayah's memory of her upbringing---she was close to her family, the blanket was tightly woven, she was protected and immersed in her language and traditional way of life---and the way she is relating to her own experience with motherhood---Jimmie is gone, the blanket is unraveling, she is seperated from her family, no language, no culture.

Throughout the story, there is this reoccurring symbol of the blanket. Blankets are significant, but varying in meaning for Indigenous people. They are symbols of honour, respect and acknowledgement, of memory, of weddings and of birth, but they can also represent survival, and call to memory the transmission of disease and subsequently, genocide. Pay attention to all the places in the story in which blankets are represented.

There are a lot of moments in this story that rely on memory. I see this idea that Ayah has to experience her life through memories as significant because there is so much trauma there, that her experiences have to be somewhat dissociated from her memories in order to survive.