eeping costs low for the oil company
It seems that the oil companies always win.
134 Matching Annotations
- Dec 2020
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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americanindian.si.edu americanindian.si.edu
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Expen'!" of rem9val
These little side notes are interesting, because they exclude so much important information, like the fact that this is only one year after their arrival to their new homes and does not really specify how much they will be paid.
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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for “selling out,” by not selling their culture they were in danger of delegitimizing their own cultural and political claims. Public response was often negative.
This is interesting because it's kind of a two-edged sword. if they actually sold items of their culture, there would also be criticism for feeding the cosmopolitan cultural appropriation of their culture. But as always, you cannot please everyone...
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“As Indians drive the automobiles, watch the television sets, fly in the aircraft, and use the thousands of things produced by modern industrial society, they are attacking this same society and asking indemnities. It’s a case of wanting one’s cake and eating it too.
After years of suffering and cultural genocide/ethnic cleansing/forced assimilation, of course they have somewhat assimilated, not necessarily by choice but out of force. This does not change the fact that they needed more economic support to sustain their reservations.
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docile
People use the term "docile" to describe animals, not people. this kind of language dehumanizes minorities.
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“legalized racism.”
wow, it is absolutely ironic that they used this term after the years and years of legalized racism Natives had endured. This is pathetic.
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wherever the money went, jobs houses, health care services, and other economic essentials sprang up.”
This is exactly what they needed after years of being impoverished and mistreated by the united states. this was a new form a sovereignty.
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By reclaiming land, minerals, water, fisheries, and the political power to control such valuable resources, Indians had unsettled their pathetic public image and provoked intense controversy.
This is a great point. When the oppressed resists, there is always controversy and pushback from the oppressor.
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starved the Cherokee Nation.
I wouldn't be surprised at all if this was the intention.
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“All too often non-Indians had damned them for lacking ambition (and damned them to poverty) if they did not embrace America’s competitive economic culture, but damned them for greed or hypocrisy if they did.” – Alexandra Harmon, Rich Indians
This is a double standard that many Indians faced. The US has continuously treated POC as inferior, yet expects them to conform to certain standards and does not treat them as equals.
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- Oct 2020
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If authentic Indian culture was, as [Alfred] Kroeber claimed, learned behavior, then individual non-Indians could also learn it, grasp hold of the authentic, and thus consolidate a unique personal identity" (140-41
This is really good analysis and i agree with this. It's almost as if these hobbyists think that being native american is solely about the objects and dance, without having the burden of being native american
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," Aihwa Ong writes that state (national) power is "deployed mainly through social regulation acts . . . dedicated to making individuals, families and col- lectivities 'governable"' (1995, 1250). These acts are captured by spe- cific administrative categories that state agencies use to administer their services and funds
YES! There are so many treaties, acts, etc that all have negative results for natives and are used to govern them.
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Jack D. Forbes (Powhatan/Renape) points out that the use of blood quantum criteria for deciding the rights and privileges of citi- zenship within the United States dates back to a 1705 Virginia law that "made both a person of American race and a person of half-American race (a 'half-blood' in other words) as legally inferior persons"
This is so true. The very purpose of the blood quantum characterization was to categorize some as inferior to others
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As Deloria demonstrates, Indian-made art has made it possible, at least in part, not only to possess and own the Indian but to perform an Indianness that is personally and socially transformat
Yes! This is so true!!!This analysis is really great, I think that it is sad that people who just buy this art for recreation or for decor are owning indianness without enduring the horrors of being indian in america.
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This license to access, borrow, change, and own Indian beliefs, practices, and costumes for the sake of person- al transformation was indulged by the hobbyists, whose very appro- priations seemed legitimated by Indian people's participation at the so- cial gatherings that they attended together. But, in the process, "the sense of exotic difference that lay at the heart of Indian authenticity grew increasingly tenuou
This type of excused appropriation and cosmopolitanism is really ignorant and damaging to Indian cultural identity because these people can choose to be indian with their appropriation of art and clothing, yet never had to bare the burdens of being indian and enduring racism, colonization, and a cultural and physical genocide that made so many suffer.
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The Indian Arts and Crafts Board's 1989/90 report to Congress estimated that as much as 50 percent of "Indian-made" art in Santa Fe, the second-largest market in the United States, was either imported or the result of domestic appropriations.
Wow, when reading about the art and pottery in the blog post for this week, I wondered where they came from and how they came into auctions. My neighbor has thousands of dollars worth of native american pottery like the ones from lecture and she doesn't even know the history behind them, with the only information being very general descriptions like the region it came from. Although hers are genuine, it is not surprising to me that there are domestic appropriations of their cultural art, considering it is beautiful. But either way, it is sad that their culture has just become a consumerist item for people to ignorantly buy as decor.
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goia.wa.gov goia.wa.gov
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The said tribes and bands of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by them
It is hard to believe that they voluntarily did any of this, because they lost so much.
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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American Museum of Natural History Collection, unfortunately vague title: “Jars, Native American, Southwest United States”
This is interesting because one of my neighbors has a bunch of native american pottery that looks similar to this, and bought them at white elitist auctions and does not have any descriptions or any detailed history about the pieces, and it is simply used as decor. I wonder where they came from, who made them, what the designs mean, and how they were acquired by those making huge profits off them.
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Native protestors welcomed supporters from any political stripe and race—plus, the presence of middle-class, white, young people catapulted the events into peoples’ consciousness in way that probably would not have been possible without them there. The story was no longer about a handful of “renegade” Indians demanding treaty rights. Non-Natives from across racial, ethnic, religious, geographic, and generational lines were joining them—their fight was significant and legitimate
Allies are really important for their cause because any support is valuable, especially if there are people who's voices are stronger in the hierarchy of power.
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Native picketers held signs which read, “We’d Rather Fish than be on Welfare,” and “We Ketchum to Live—You Ketchum to Kill.”
Wow, i really like the concepts of these signs. They do not want to trade their sovereignty for government handouts that are not equivalent to their freedom to fish.
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A decline in salmon runs due to pollution, sportfishing, and massive fisheries led state authorities to enact conservation measures, restricting fishing in certain areas or during certain times of year
American capitalization and consumerism leads to all these things today too.
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Have you abandoned tribal life and adopted the habits and customs of the white community
I am shocked that this is a question. Who is to say that assimilation to the extent of adopting "habits" (whatever that means) and customs is necessary? Especially when they were basically not given an alternative
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He wanted them to eventually participate in school board elections, city governments, and county governments, eventually participating in all kinds of elections the same as the general publi
This gradual transition is okay, but what if they don't want to learn the democratic process and do not want to assimilate?
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However, many Cherokee men lived with their parents well into adulthood.
The idea of getting married, owning a home, having children, men working and women being homemakers is so capitalistic because it ensures that more nuclear family units are created, and thus there is insurance of a future workforce for the interests of capitalism. This is why they assumed that unmarried men would have their own homes and conform to capitalist america.
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Some Black leaders contended that all people of African descent, regardless of indigenous ancestry, were one group with common interests. However, this hope for improving status as a racial group did not cancel out Black Creeks’ loyalty to Creek nationhood—there was a confluence of identitie
This is interesting because it is sort of like embracing the categorization to work in numbers and try to better their status, yet there is the conflicting individualized identity that makes them want to continue to override the categorization.
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complex population of Native nations, such as, for example, if people had parents and grandparents from two different tribal nation
this type of categorization of individuals is why the concept of race is wrong; it assumes and categorizes people based on superficial characteristics that have little to do with individual identity and essentially places them on a hierarchy of power based on something as simple as skin tone or in this case as blood quantum.
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Once enrolled you were enrolled as a member of the tribal nation, but also enrolled as a member of a racial group – “full blood,” “mixed-blood,” or “negro.”
This is blatant racial formation and the establishment as race as a "fundamental" axis of social organization used to categorize people and divide them based on the color of their skin, when this concept likely did not exist for these tribes beforehand.
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908 (Na
Interesting that they say "civilized". What deems a tribe civilized?
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interviewing people to determine family relationships, recording names in ledger books, and assigning deeds to those names. However, this was by no means such a simple process
Yeah, this definitely sounds like a lot of work and I am surprised that they put this much effort into this after all the neglect and mistreatment we have read about.
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www.annotatemcgirt.com www.annotatemcgirt.com
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equire[d] a clear expression of the intention of Congress” before the state or federal government may try Indians for conduct on their lands. Ex parte Crow Dog, 109 U. S. 556, 572 (1883). Oklahoma cannot come close to satisfying this standard. I
Why was Oklahoma able to bypass this? Why didn't congress prevent them from doing this?
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None of these moves would be permitted in any other area of statutory interpretation, and there is no reason why they should be permitted here. That would be the rule of the strong, not the rule of law.
It's crazy how the US just kept manipulating treaties and words and using vague terminology to scoop land away from natives.
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There is no need to consult extratextual sources when the meaning of a statute’s terms is clear. Nor may extratextual sources overcome those terms. The only role such materials can properly play is to help “clear up . . . not create” ambiguity about a statute’s original meaning.
There have been so many instances reading some of the statutes of these treaties... where im like "wow thats super vague, i wish they would clarify some things'. There are so many vague statements made which are probably there to enable loopholes.
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t “fantasy” to suggest that Congress evinced “any unease about extinguishing the Creek domain” because Congress “did what it set out to do: transform a reservation into a State.
Yeah i think this is true, i would agree that if they were so uneasy they would not have done this in the end
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“[T]he 1882 Act falls into another category of surplus land Acts: those that merely opened reservation land to settlement. . . . Such schemes allow non-Indian settlers to own land on the reservation
That is definitely a scheme for Americans to get land, like so many of the situations we have read about so far
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. And within their lands, with exceptions, the Creeks were to be “secured in the unrestricted right of self-government,” with “full jurisdiction” over enrolled Tribe members and their property.
I seriously wonder what these exceptions were and how many there were. I think they should have outlined these for more detail.
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The government’s promises weren’t made gratuitously. Rather, the 1832 Treaty acknowledged that “[t]he United States are desirous that the Creeks should remove to the country west of the Mississippi” and, in service of that goal, required the Creeks to cede all lands in the East
This must've been before Manifest Destiny was widely realized as the major goal of the united states.
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There has to be some level of “This is wrong,” not “We’re going to talk it out” or “He had a rough childhood” or “There was alcohol involved so we don’t really know what he meant to do,” but really saying, “No, this behavior is not acceptable.
This is completely true and there should be absolutely no excuse for this type of behavior, intoxicated or not
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So re- empowering women and also having a collective response of intoler-ance to this kind of violence in whatever cultural lines are most appropriate.
I agree with this. The punishment should be according to the norms of that culture, even through it might not be an identical form of punishment than the US judicial system would impose, I think it should be adjusted to the culture. in this case, religious consequences are equivalent to the non-secular punishments the US uses.
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They don’t have a na-tional protocol for forensic exams. For those few women that do come forward and say “I want this exam,” it’s not available in most parts of the country
These are barriers to justice that one would think would no longer exist by this point
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rape has become so common and such an everyday occurrence in the community that, in a sense, women— young women and teens and girls— don’t know that it’s wrong be-cause it’s happened to everyone that they know.
This is heartbreaking; rape, which was introduced by the colonizers has become so normalized that women don't understand that this trauma is not normal.
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Right. Well, largely these statistics are coming out of the Justice Department and they’re based on victimization surveys. So the statistics about non- Indian offenders are not based in reported crimes. We’re not going to tribal police departments and gathering this data; it’s coming from anonymous telephone surveys that are conducted by the Census Bureau that call random samples of Americans, ask them for their race, if they’ve been the victim of a crime, and if so what was the race of the perpetrator. And that’s where most of these num-bers are coming from. The challenge is that these surveys don’t ask the women where these crimes took place
This is an interesting challenge i didn't think of before because were do they collect the data, and how do they understand where these events happened. I'm sure its very difficult for victims to talk about what happened to them and relive their experiences, so that's another thing to keep in mind. there are probably plenty who have not spoken out anonymously or not.
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there wasn’t a need for a word for rape prior to colonization.
Just like in the other reading for the week, "x marks contamination". There was no need for the word rape until the contaminating colonists arrived and abused native people.
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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. They are hired by museums, schools, and universities to speak on subjects regarding history, politics, and related matters, even though in nearly every case they lack a university degre
i strongly believe that people do not need a university degree to be experts at something, have common sense, be able to argue, and have credibility. I think its absurd to consider the lack of a college degree as a lack of knowledge
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three basic periods in which the savagism of Indians was con-strued a bit differently each time
Interesting, i have never seen it interpreted/divided into three periods
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his story is very well known: federal authorities removed Indian children from their homes and families and sent them to harsh institutions far away, where they had their mouths washed out with soap for speaking their languages and had even worse forms of abuse inflicted upon them.
This is literal ethnic cleansing; they actually used soap in their mouths to "clean" their language and culture away from them. This is disgusting
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This space is poor, economi-cally speaking, and therefore to be pitied; at the same time it is an honor to inhabit this space, if only for a moment.
This is the logic Americans used to justify colonization and force assimilation of Natives- they pitied them for not having an industrialized and westernized world, and used this as justification for everything. Well, what about if they're happy with the way of life they have had for thousands of years? Why impose something they don't want onto them when they are happy with their way of life.
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It can become a problem, however, when the traditional is transformed into a fetish, loses its realism, denies the actually existing diversity of Indian life, and/or confuses modern practices and institutions with the assimilation of a “white” or “Western” identit
YES!! this is what I was thinking, in my previous comment. Worded so well here.
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“there is little place for open argument; it is enough to invoke the time of origins,” hence “such societies are incapable of uttering the universal.”19
This is something that really bothers me and is still kind of used today, but in a different way. For example, people always associate having a college degree with intelligence. I firmly do not believe that this classist, industrial, and money making industry is made to make people smarter or more intelligent, but rather ensure that the future generation of American service to capitalism exists. Having a college degree has nothing to do with intelligence, logic, or argument; it is rather a symbol of being a part of the capitalist institution of education. I might just be cynical, but that is one thing that bothers me. And this is what seems to be the argument against natives. Just because they don't have access to/ have not assimilated to western formations of knowledge and arguments, doesn't make them any more or less capable of argument.
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8 IntRoductIonWe are still living the legacies of this history. American Indians live below the poverty line at twice the rate of the general American population—more than 25 percent.11 Natives are twice as likely to die young as the general population, with a 638 percent greater chance of dying from an alcohol-related disease, an 81 percent greater chance of being murdered, and a 91 percent greater chance of committing suicide.12 Native teens are fully three times as likely to kill themselves as are other teenagers.13 Our heritage languages are in decline. No fewer than 45 out of a presently spoken 154 languages in the United States face an imminent extinction, with another 90 predicted to go silent by 2050.14 To get a sense of how immediate this language decline is, consider that in 1950 the U.S. Census Bureau recorded no fewer than 87.4 percent of American Indians speak-ing heritage languages as first languages; by 1980 that had plummeted to 29.3 percent; and by 2000, only 18 percent spoke languages other than English at home.15These grim statistics are not the result of Native migrations but more the consequence of “removalism.” Removal was a federal policy estab-lished in 1830 by President Andrew Jackson, and it would now go by the name of ethnic cleansing.
As an armenian whose ancestors have faced ethnic cleansing, i would agree that that is the main cause of health disparities such as higher rates in cancer and depression I have read about in some studies about my community. It is not only the tangible health consequences, but also the silence and lack of concrete family history/stories that make the abuse and ethnic cleansing apparent.
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We are still living the legacies of this history. American Indians live below the poverty line at twice the rate of the general American population—more than 25 percent.11 Natives are twice as likely to die young as the general population, with a 638 percent greater chance of dying from an alcohol-related disease, an 81 percent greater chance of being murdered, and a 91 percent greater chance of committing suicide.12 Native teens are fully three times as likely to kill themselves as are other teenagers.13 Our heritage languages are in decline. No fewer than 45 out of a presently spoken 154 languages in the United States face an imminent
The trans-generational effects of the genocide and abuse of native american communities is very prevalent when we look at the health statistics of the descendants who live today; they are still facing inequity in healthcare and poverty that worsens the effects of generational health consequences
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ou see the rents in my nails; if I wanted to hold something, I could not do it because my fingernails are torn. If the cattle had not died on the road that had been promised us in the name of the Great Father, maybe our young men would be able to use those cattle in their work.
This neglect is not simply secondary to Americans, it is what was likely intended by them. Similar idea to the narrative we heard about cattle leaving as a result of industrialization and natives following them, it is simply not true that that happened and it is more likely that the starvation and death of natives were a direct result of american colonization.
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In a startlingly short period of time, quality of life at White Oak Point had plummeted from prosperity to impoverishment; their sad condition reflected it, and Rice acknowledged that it was the Americans’ fault
the dissolution of native life and prosperity is very apparent with this story; it gives a more tangible and detailed idea of what exactly they lost; although not encompassing every individual story, it is enough to give us an idea of what they suffered
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Their troubled state was the result of the Americans dishonoring treaties they had previously made and the confinemen
It's very sad as the author mentioned earlier, that these treaties are made after all to benefit someone, and this is always to the benefit of the Americans, while it not only does not benefit the natives, but it actually takes away from them.
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that an x-mark could result in something good. Why else, we must ask, would someone bother to make it?
It would always result in something good for those who made it, but only rarely would it result in good for those who are coerced to sign
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There were no “treaties” before the arrival of the whites, no alphabetic writing or “signatures” at all, although there were practices of making formal agreements between dif-ferent communities (wampum belts would be one example)
This is a great word, "contamination". American perpetrators of murder and theft of land were contaminating the indigenous populations and their culture with treaties, which are a way for those in power to assert their dominance and enforce their own laws onto others for their own benefit
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accompanied by protest. Treaties led to dramatic changes in the Indian world
This is great analysis and a great way to put it. It was no doubt coercion, and often lies were perpetrated in order to get natives to even consider signing these treaties that were always unfavorable to them in the end.
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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Sexual violence impinges on our spiritual selves, creating emotional wounds that fester and infect larger wells of community trauma
This is a very important quote that i think would speak for Native communities that have experienced trans-generational trauma that there has been no justice for
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n the rates of violence against Native women and the costs of injury due to violence from the National Institute of Justice and CDC.
research, statistics, and science go a long way and usually are some of the most solid ways to make a case, so this is great.
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2013 tribal amendment to the Violence Against Women Act partially closes this loophole in issues of domestic violence, which I will discuss below.
2013??? and only "partially"? this is so sad
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jurisdictional loophole for non-Native perpetrators of violence against Native women living on tribal lands
so basically they could freely rape and commit crimes against women without being tried? This just gets worse and worse
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Then there was the instances when Sgt. Rice, in about 1950, and a Mr. Nash early this year, were refused burial in white men’s cemeteries because they were Indians. Again, these occurred where white men, not Indian tribal councils, were responsible for justice and order in society.
Native americans were not treated as Humans with basic rights before and after death by white society. The racial injustices that occurred under the hands of white councils is really appalling and unfortunately this was not limited to native americans but to all communities of color at the time.
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National Congress of American Indians, detailed problems with state law enforcement and incidents of racial discrimination and harassment towards Native people and called for the United States to recognize and encourage the survival of tribal governments and the self-determination of Native nations.
I love reading about heroes like Peterson. Racism was so blatant in law and policymaking, that it is no surprise tht it was also incorporated into law enforcement whether it was implicit bias or so normalized that it was made obvious it was racialized.
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Termination policy sought to abolish the Bureau of Indian Affairs, dissolve the trust relationship between tribes and the federal government, and bring Native people under the jurisdiction of the states.
Interesting that they basically tried to force native americans under their jurisdiction after the injustices committed against them. It's also almost forced assimilation because they are being forced to abide by US constitutional laws that might go against their tribal laws.
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“shield of protection”
Here we go again with this belittling attitude from white America saying they must "save" and "protect" Natives when they are actually doing the opposite
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424 deaths along the way
This is deeply disturbing as a descendant of genocide survivors, after there is continuous denial of the genocide and the numbers killed. It's very sad that peoples lives are basically meaningless to the oppressor.
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whether Indian tribal courts have criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians.”
why is this even a question? If something is unconstitutional and someone commits a crime, they should be able to prosecute them and justice should be served.
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you open with this knife. You have two hearts
Wow, this is a great analogy. It's like the tightrope between assimilating in America and handing over the land versus keeping the Choctaw land and values alive.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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twentyyears
This doesn't even sound like a financially sustainable plan for a period of 20 years, probably because they knew they were not going to pay the full amount?
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white persons who have made their own improvements, and not expelled the Creeks from theirs
So, white people are basically allowed to stay and harvest their crops outside of the treaty timeline of 5 years, while natives have to be forcefully removed. This privilege is plainly racist and makes no logical sense
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therefrom in the same manner as intruders may beremoved by law from other public land until the country is surveyed, and the selections made
so basically if they break the rules and decide to stay there, they will have to be removed forcefully
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cobellscholar.org cobellscholar.org
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Elouise Cobell
After watching the C-Span Video on her, it really brings her resilience and hard work we read about in this article to life. She was so determined to fight for her people.
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fter all these years, our government still treats Native American Indians as if they were somehow less than deserving of the respect that should be afforded to everyone in a society where all people are supposed to be equal
We unfortunately keep seeing this.
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obellstepped down as director of the Blackfeet National Bank when it became the Native American Bank, but founded and became executive director of its non-profit arm, the Native American Community Development Corporation (NACDC).34Through the NACDC, she consulted with tribes and small businesses to create sustainable economic plans, and created financial literacy programs, including a mini-bank program for elementary schools
She did so much for her community, this is amazing.
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1997, the MacArthur Foundation awarded Cobell a grantof $310,000 in recognition of her work with the bank and for financial literacy.
This is great because she was able to advocate for her people and help them move forward by starting her own bank and helping her people mobilize in society past the institutional barriers.
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who was dying of cancer.
It is sad to read the trends in health disparities through this article like her mom getting cancer and her siblings dying in childhood s a pre-med because i have read articles about how generational trauma in Native Americans causes health disparities and increased rates of diabetes, cancer, and other diseases. The long-term effects of the injustices and wars their families have faced are evident.
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Life wasn’t easy; three of her siblings didn’t survive childhood. Cobelldescribed herself as bashful child, and throughout her life those who met her were surprised ather quiet, soft-spoken demeanor. But she was the great-granddaughter of Mountain Chief, who had led his people first on the battlefield and then in negotiations in Washington, D.C. Her parents raised her to be a strong woman, and, like Mountain Chief, her determination took her to D.C. to fight for her people.
Amazing to me how she was so bashful with so much family trauma and after facing adversity.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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provides a powerful illustration of what happens when the justices validate a principle of racial discrimi-nation in one of their legal decisions on minority rights.
This was a great analysis of Marshall's codification of racialized Indian stereotypes through his decisions.
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our provinces in North America have been frequently ravaged by Indian enemies, more especially that of South Carolina, which, in the late war by the neighbouring savages, was laid waste by fi re and sword, and great numbers of the English inhabitants miserably massacred
Did they never stop to think that maybe they were "ravaged" and "massacred" because they are invading the territory?
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e t Cherokee Nation is cited without embarrassment or discomfort as still good law and binding precedent by the present- day justices of the Rehnquist Supreme Court.47
It is really sad that this outdated document by Marshall is still used today, it should no longer be a precedent or rule for anything. It is so racialized and filled with lies based on racial bias that it should no longer be used.
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The discovery doc-trine’s racially discriminatory principle respecting the diminished rights of Indians in their lands inalterably placed the tribes under the superior political sovereignty of the United States
We see that the racialized bias of the united states was codified by marshall in the discovery doctrine, again placing Natives as subordinates.
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. Conquest, in fact, perfected the superior title of the European nation that had acquired the rights of discovery to the lands occupied by Indians under the doctrine
Conquest of land and the laws that followed definitely solidified white supremacy
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The model of inferior and diminished Indian rights under the Constitution and laws of the United States laid out in these three seminal cases continues to defi ne the Court’s approach to all questions of Indian tribal rights
It is ridiculous that there have been so many advances in rights of other POC groups in america (albeit limited), but we are still using outdated laws to define and determine tribal rights
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is so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the colonial era
I think that the depiction of Natives as savages was incorporated into falsified history and used as justification for white occupation so heavily that fiction slowly became fact.
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enied the right to exist as “truly other, something capable of being not merely an im perfect state of oneself,”5 the Indian’s doomed fate was inextricably tied to white America’s ascendant destiny on the continent
They were denied basic rights that simply because of Eurocentric white supremacy , and the idea of manifest destiny as a justification to do so.
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the Founders of this colonial- era racial fantasy about the Indian’s ir-redeemable nature cannot be overstated.3
Yep, this is for sure, they make it so blatantly obvious.
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tile.loc.gov tile.loc.gov
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he hatchet shall be forever buried
I don't think it is that easy to simply just say "The hatchet should forever be buried"
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If any citizen of the United States, or person under their protection, shall commit arobbery or murder or other capital crime, on any Indian, such offender or offenders shall bepunished in the same manner as if the murder or robbery or other capital crime,
This is interesting, because the same statement applied to any Native Americans was not worded the same. I'm sure US citizens had much more lenient punishments.
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to be punished according tothe ordinances of Congress; a
This is a very vague statement, I wonder what it actually entails and what the punishments were in reality.
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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They are communities dependent on the United States
For literally all of time before colonization, Native American communities were just fine, and now they are "dependent" on the US? That is a laughable statement. This is the US declaring dominance over Natives, and again acting like saviors.
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every dollar of mone
interesting that they think money can just fix what has happened.
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government for a period of 25 years, after which the trust restriction would be lifted and individual Native allottees
There must have been a catch here. I doubt that most of the natives were able to hold onto this land for various reasons over 25 years. Ridiculous.
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“Indian savagery” was woven into the royal charters
Absolutely appalling that this rhetoric was pushed so much into official documents and discourse that it became accepted as fact.
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n other words, it was the federal government which was responsible for dealing with Native nations—individual states could not impose their own laws or interfere with tribes’ rights to self-governm
oh, interesting. Individual states couldn't impose their own laws, so is this really sovereignty? I dont think so.
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Their relation to the United States resembled that of a ward to a guardian.
The guardian is the US and the ward is the Natives im assuming. Interesting that on it's own "Guardian" can mean protecter, but in this case it is in the form of possession over their subjects.
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But it was pitched not only as historical fact, but also inevitable historical fact.
It's really shameful to promote it in this way, the idea that it is just "inevitable" and it is unrealistic and absolutely not true, and it is amazing how the rhetoric of people in power can simply be absorbed by the people.
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the sheriff
Wow, no surprise that law enforcement was complicit back then as well.
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As individuals subjected to state civil and criminal jurisdiction, Native people were now accountable to a whole array of laws the people could neither understand, nor in some cases, read.
It's bad enough that their rights were taken, let alone criminalized without them even being aware of it. How do you hold people accountable for laws they aren't even aware of? Makes me sick.
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“see and feel the palpable act of legislation under the authority of the state,” the fear of the state “will induce them speedily to remove
yup, this was a deliberate attempt of removal and was made blatantly clear. How sad.
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Indian would enjoy ‘any political or civil rights’ under state law
In contrast to the "justified" and subtle discrimination and stripping of rights in some of the previous legal/court documents we have read about, this one admits that there will be no rights for Indians. This is probably because the vast majority of voters with rights probably saw nothing wrong with this at the time; nobody would object.
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Creator delivered to men upon his formation
Again, they use religious justification to try and prove that they are the rightful "civilized" people fit to occupy the land.
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“As the white population advanced, that of the Indians necessarily receded. The country in the immediate neighborhood of agriculturalists became unfit for them. The game fled into thicker and more unbroken forests, and the Indians followed.”
This is a ridiculous statement that shifts the source of Indian removal from their territory to a result of animal migration, instead of admitting to the fact that the root cause is the white settlement itself.
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To leave them in possession of their country, was to leave the country a wilderness
and?? maybe they do not want to be swarmed by industrial lifestyles and subject to euro-centric attitudes.
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The doctrine of discovery and the Johnson system was based on a racist worldview that assumed that Native people lacked civilization and Christianity, and that European willingness to “bestow” these gifts of civilization would be “ample compensation” for any resulting loss of land.
Eurocentric salvation was used as a justification and seen as a favor to "savage" natives. This still happens today, as westernized "woke" culture tries to critique other cultures and religions, for instance for their treatment of women, without realizing that some don't people do not always want to be "saved" or westernized.
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they did not have title to their land—that belonged to the US, but they did have the rights of use and occupancy
What's the point of this?If those on the land are occupying, maintaining the land that is rightfully theirs, why can't it be in their name? This makes no sense to me and reminds me of the current Armenia-Azerbaijian conflict happening. Armenians have occupied the land for decades and have been in that region for thousands of years, with several cultural and religious sites on Nagorno-Karabakh land, but the land is still not internationally recognized as Armenia's by the bureaucracy.
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None of the original grantees to the land had taken possession of it, due to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Although they did petition Congress to confirm their titles to the land, Congress never confirmed their titles.
Why would they claim the title in the first place if they aren't going to occupy it?
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“opposition and hostility characterize many American Indian relationships with the BIA.”
Why are they opposed to the BIA?
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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Cyclical changes in federal policy have had both positive and negative consequences forOklahoma tribes over the last century
Yess... it as if the government did everything they could to be roundabout about native rights and sovereignty.
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addressing today, is the ill-conceived perception of the Oklahoma leaders and the generalpublic
unfortunately this is still the case today in america :(
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56,279 to 9,073.
Its sad to see how overwhelming the support was on both sides only to be undermined by Teddy Roosevelt
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American Indian legal history is replete with stories of foreseeable consequences.Most of these stories involve the United States failing to uphold treaty guarantees.
As we read in the lecture blog post, the US ignored treaty guarantees and did whatever they wanted multiple times.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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The free exercise of religious worship, and
some constitutional rights are repeated here
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now deliberating on, has made us an address, but he has not opened the way for me. I admit my ignorance and incapaci-ty. I am reminded of the fable of the fox and the
Its ridiculous how much they tried and how much white people wronged and lied to them.
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as one In-dian any right to trade with another, outside of his own country? Oar agents, or their clerks, say not. Our own international law gives them free trade every-where, and wherever they are the}r are subject to, and under the protection of the laws, and customs of the tribe among whom they are. This should be under-stood
why is this not allowed?
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We want rights secured for our children, so that they will not lose their lands, if we should die.
This is a good point we have seen others make.
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These schools are very well tilled, and the scholars are pro-gressing rapidly, most of them being able to read and write.
I wonder, what was being taught in these schools? Why would it be of so much interest to the president/white folks that the Native tribes were putting an education system in place? Probably teaching something along the lines of convincing them that assimilating is the no-brainer option
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When my children can read and write, then we will be in a better condition than we are now.
This emphasis of education as a power that is stronger than numbers is something we saw in the Civil Rights movement as well.
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robbed us of all that we had, burnt our school house, destroyed our crops that we had gathered and laid by for winter use; in a few hours destroying all the results of our summer's work.
It's interesting to see that there was civil war between natives. I never knew that there were disagreements between tribes regarding American Colonization- i thought it was mainly looked at with resistance.
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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Native state be the best way to protect the territories and rights of Native residents of Indian Territory
I think this would certainly have protected some rights and territories, but segregating natives to their own state would not send the right message- it would further divide them from the colonizers.
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Natives were considered to be culturally and intellectually inferior to whites.
I think this explains a lot of the treatment of natives from the beginning
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they would accept an assimilation program in return for the land’s legal title. However, the legal title was never secured.
once again, we see the colonizers breaking every agreement and treaty due to entitlement
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You could live as ye did before knowing them,--before those whom ye call your brothers had come upon the land…When I saw that ye were given up to evil, I led the wild animals to the depths of the forests so that ye had to depend upon your brothers [the whites] to feed and shelter you
Neolin was clearly opposed to the whites and was confident they could prosper without white influence and even calls them "evil". Pontiac was greatly opposed to them, and threatened to deprive his people of food if they were influenced by whites.
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static1.squarespace.com static1.squarespace.com
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whitepeople are being constantly admitted to citizenship.
This is a longstanding issue of white supremacy in the united states- White people are always granted citizenship, and deny others of citizenship not only to the nation but to the exclusive group of whiteness.
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a barbaric dominion within acivilized republic, subdivided into nearly twentydifferent nations, all speaking different languages,and each under its individual chiefs.
This constitution would create inequity by having civilized whites and uncivilized "barbariic" nations of Natives. It treats Natives as inherently inferior with it's suggestions and wording.
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avalon.law.yale.edu avalon.law.yale.edu
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offender or offenders
What counts as an "offender" here?
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their enemies
This statement is interesting, because wouldn't the only/main enemies of these Native tribes be the people writing this contract? correct me if i'm wrong.
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www.alfiekohn.org www.alfiekohn.org
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real world” — unless one has in mind a world where interest in learning and quality of thinking are unimportant.
I find this article convincing, but how de we assess the competency of people who are attempting to go into certain fields that require some rigorous knowledge? I wonder what the author would say about standardized tests- do we keep them, alter them, or do away with them too?
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college admission is surely no bar to eliminating grades in elementary and middle schools because colleges are largely indifferent to what students have done before high school.
This is interesting, and it reminded me that UC system recently decided to make the SAT no longer mandatory for college admissions.
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“When comments and grades coexist, the comments are written to justify the grade”
This is a great point. A lot of times the grader is simply writing a grade to "lawyer up" and make sure the student knows why they are being deducted points, and then they write a couple generic nice comments to outweigh the bad ones.
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If you’re sorting students into four or five piles, you’re still grading them.
I think this is an important distinction- any form of ranking can be considered grading
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that they’re no longer thinking about the learning itself
This is very true for most of my classes- in many of my bio and chem classes the professors show a distribution of the grades on the exam and it makes me focus more on my performance and my score rather than the material itself- it kind of makes me feel like i'm a robot rather than someone who is spending time learning something that would help me in my future career.
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disadvantages in medical school
Many medical schools including UCSD med eliminate grading systems, while still keeping a point system underneath it in order to assess who is at the top of their class- its kind of like a grading system with a facade of not being graded. If this is beneficial, why doesn't every school adopt it?
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Grades create a preference for the easiest possible task.
I agree with this- when you are taking many classes that are all based on a point system, the primary objective becomes getting the maximum points possible and thus the highest grade possible, which doesn't necessarily involve the best form of learning. It's sort of like "quality vs quantity"- we care about the quantification of our learning rather than the quality itself.
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Gather and report — that’s pretty much it.
Yeah, I agree with this. I think its more about the logistical things and in university "weeding out" people rather than for their learning and wellbeing
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www.maryklann.com www.maryklann.com
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highlight
I decided to take this course because throughout my education at UCSD, I have taken many ethnic studies classes and history courses that only briefly mention Native American history, so I am eager to learn more and hopefully piece together the bits of knowledge I have from other courses here.
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