They may grudgingly concede the need of special measures of protection and alleviation undertaken by the state at times of great social stress, but they are the confirmed enemies of social legislation (even prohibition of child labor), as standing measures of political policy.

He asserted that existing institutions were merely provisional, and that the "laws" governing the distribution of wealth are not°so-cial social but of man's contrivance and are man's to change.

Great Britain, largely under Benthamite influence, built up an ordered civil service independent of°politi-cal political party control

Men do not obey laws because they think these laws are in accord with a scheme of natural rights. They obey because they believe, rightly or wrongly, that the consequences of obeying are upon the whole better than the consequences of disobeying.

The work of Bentham, in spite of fundamental defects in his underlying theory of human nature, is a demonstration that liberalism is not compelled by anything in its own nature to be impotent save for minor reforms. Bentham's influence is proof that liberalism can be a power in bringing about radical social changes:—provided it combine capacity for bold and°compre-hensive comprehensive social invention with detailed study of particulars and with courage in action.

Every°re-striction restriction upon liberty is ipso facto a source of pain and a°limita-tion limitation of a pleasure that might otherwise be enjoyed. Hence the effect was the same in the two doctrines as far as the rightful province of governmental action is concerned

The concern for liberty and for the°individ-ual, individual, which was the basis of Lockeian liberalism, persisted;°other-wise otherwise the newer theory would not have been liberalism. But°lib-erty liberty was given a very different practical meaning. In the end, the effect was to subordinate political to economic activity; to°con-nect connect natural laws with the laws of production and exchange, and to give a radically new significance to the earlier conception of reason.

Later liberalism inherited this conception of a natural antagonism°be-tween between ruler and ruled, interpreted as a natural opposition°be-tween between the individual and organized society.

Since governments are instituted to°pro-tect protect the natural rights of individuals, they lose claim to obedience when they invade and destroy these rights instead of°safeguard-ing safeguarding them: a doctrine that well served the aims of our forefathers in their revolt against British rule, and that also found an°ex-tended extended application in the French Revolution of 178

It was not a long time ago that°liber-alism liberalism was a term of praise; to be liberal was to be progressive, forward-looking, free from prejudice, characterized by all°admi-rable admirable qualities.

Again, a liberal is defined as "one who professes radical opinions in private but who never acts upon them for fear of losing entrée into the courts of the mighty and respectable."