39 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2025
    1. This burden of forgiveness, moreover, is compounded by a burden of responsibility. Even as women are expected to do the work of patching up damaging and damaged relationships, they are also, contradictorily, expected to leave them.

      In terms of gendered abuse towards women it is important to understand when viewing programmes that are intended to fix relationships. Women are always expected to be the ones that have to pick up and repair the damage that has been made. It this programs it is never looked at as combined effort of both parties to fix dysfunctional relationships. As women have to take the responsibility they are also expected to leave a situations if the relationship is so bad. I find this interesting in how we view what roles gender has in relationships. More often than not people are under the assumption that the women have to take all the responsibility.

    2. The notion that choice is free, rather than contingent, clearly undermines an audience’s willingness to consider how the experience of violence or other forms of abuse might reduce the parameters of the possible. Ironically, what can emerge here is a construction of abusive men as having no agency and of women who are abused by men as having total agency.

      I find this portion of the text to be extremely important for people to understand. People often undermine how challenging it is to overcome abuse in any form. Abuse allows for a person's choice to get stripped away from someone. Most of the time the responsibility of the abuse falls onto the victim. However, the perpetrator often never gets held accountable for the abuse they have caused. It is easy for outsiders to question why a victim would stay in an abusive situations because of the principle of choice. But, choice becomes unattainable because it is not free when victims are given no other alternatives to their situation. It is easier for an outsider to say people have a choice in these situations when they is almost never the reality because of the control they are under.

    3. This kind of failure to make distinctions can be seen to constitute what Susan Bordo calls “plastic pluralism.”

      I find this idea of plastic pluralism very fascinating. This term challenges the performative diversity we often see through media. It refers to the idea of using superficial diversity just to appear inclusive. Without actually taking the time and effort to understand certain experiences of a wide array of people. The explanation of this term connects to how Oprah's show shows a very broad tak on equality, diversity, and inclusion. As most of the time treating most stories as interchangeable and can come across as a performative form of inclusion.

    4. Notwithstanding these incipient subversions of dominant common senses, this paper will show that the radical potentials of the Oprah Winfrey Show are undercut by the show’s problematic adherence to an “American Dream” that imagines that every boy can grow up to be president, without reference to the ways in which this possibility is contingent (not only on being a boy, but on what kind of boy you are).

      This is an important aspect of the 'american dream' that should be highlighted more. Kids in america are grow up to believe anything in possible if you have the passion and a good work ethic. There are so many layers that go into how you are going to be perceived pursuing whatever dream that may be. This section of the paper mentions the importance in realizing that they are aspects of one's identity that can get in the way of pursuing an 'american dream.' As this portion states it's based on 'what kid of boy you are' references how one's identity can play a big impact on what they want to pursue in life.

    5. The key narrative frame of all of these constructions/readings is that of the American Dream. However, even as the Oprah Winfrey Show provides a window on competing “Americas,” so too does it mediate a multiplicity of Dreams, often in contradictory ways

      I think it is really important for people to understand the complexity of the 'american dream.' There are so many alternatives to that ideal that mean many different things to certain groups of people. The term 'american dream' can often contradict itself into what presents it to be. Shows like Oprah Winfrey show mediate the way they are shaped and presented to audiences. In turn there are multiple nuances into what the american dream is to people and how it is portrayed.

    1. Be all this as it may, the industry continued to grow, totally throwing off the restrictions originally imposed on it. In the 1980s, cable disentangled itself from the city franchising, just as the telephone companies had done at the beginning of the century.

      I think this an important aspect of media innovation. Whenever new mediums become popular they often immediately get regulated. However, the each find a way to disperse their content to their audiences. Cable was get rid of some of the restrictions that were originally on it. This allowed for the technology to continue to grow. As restriction and regulation got imposed the industry was able to work round them to get out the content they wanted for the masses. And doing so it only made the industry and technologies bigger among all audiences.

    2. To have people pay for such transmission, whether over the air or through a wire, simply required scrambling the picture, the technology for so doing having been first demonstrated in 1931.

      This is a really interesting fact that I would have never assumed to be true. I never realised that the idea of paying for tv had been worked on since 1931. I usually think of payment for televisions services to start later on in tv's developments. However, this section of the reading explains the idea for people to pay for tv had been played around with. It is also important to note that it did not matter how audiences would get their content. There were still plans to make consumer pay to transmit movies. It is interesting the the earliest inventors and pioneers had this idea of payment in order to transmit television.

    3. The cable ‘freeze’, the period of maximum regulation, operated exactly as the television ‘freeze’ had twenty years earlier. It allowed the players to begin to sort themselves out while not entirely inhibiting growth. Indeed by 1974, despite these restrictions, 11.7 percent of all American homes were cabled.

      I think this is an important event to understand. The cable 'freeze' initially slowed down the developments of cable. As there being more governments regulations taking place. It compares a time in which this happened in the early days of broadcast television. This suggests that innovation can provoke regulation of media. However this can also work to help stabilize and manage an industry. Since there was a new wave of new technological developments beginning.

    4. Cable was massively aided by this marketplace approach to broadcasting. The move to colour also helped. Poor reception of VHF black-and-white in built-up urban areas meant ghosting on the picture. With colour, picture quality became even worse and cable found an opportunity to sell itself even in the privileged conurbations.

      It is important to understand that the approach to broadcasting was much more commercial. Allowing for various providers to operate how they want. Creating this environment allowed for cable companies to offer an alternative to areas where reception was poor or limited. As the color television increase the consumer expectations also rose. They were still limitations that VHF had amongst lower income communities to display color quality content. So the more privileged communities were able to use the benefits of the move to color on television. In turn cable took advantage of this and focused on marketing to audiences that could afford these new technologies of color.

    5. In Britain, the new video technology was grafted on the old radio system and the first television cable was operating in Gloucester by 1951. Fifteen years later more than one million receivers were on cable; yet the introduction of the UHF network, which began in 1963, inexorably wiped out the prime raison d’être for most of these systems—poor reception. As had happened with radio cable, improvements in transmission reduced cable television’s attractiveness.

      It is interesting to note how television broadcasting became the new video technology of this time. Important that the main progress of this development comes from already existing radio transmissions. Then allowing for the first television cable giving the rapid and widespread expansion of cable television. It is also important to understand how the UHF effectiveness got rid of the poor reception of cable.

    1. When the CW eliminated all comedy programming, black and brown faces were hard to find on the netlet.

      I find it said the so many voices were not allowed to be expressed during these times. Television was in its prime gathering as many audiences as possible. However, people of color still struggled to find representation. The lack of representation is crucial to understand, as so many groups were not given platforms. Also, making it harder to establish viewership amongst people of color.

    2. FOX aired far more shows with Black casts, producers, and writers than any other broadcast network.

      This is an interesting fact that fox aired more diverse cast on their network. It is interesting to note that while network viewership was declining, black viewership was increasing. Black viewers had to rely on free networks, there became a shift in how fox was viewed. I find it interesting that were considered 'urban' because their main audience was people of color. It is also important to note that there were still levels of stereotyping a discrimination amongst black viewers.

    3. FOX’s decision to adopt elements of cable’s niche marketing strategies rather than emulate the programming strategies of the Big Three allowed the netlet to vie with the networks by focusing on counterprogramming and narrowcasting designed to appeal to underserved audiences.

      I find it fascinating to find what fox's initial competitive advantage was. As they took into consideration of all the different elements of cable tv in order to further their network. They were able to reach large audiences and able to narrow their content to specific audiences. They were able to breakdown how the content was received from each audience. People could start and get a wide array of content to consume on fox's network.

    4. “throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, Rupert Murdoch not only found ways to profit from the cultural production and consumption practices of African Americans but he also manipulated, to the collective detriment of Black people, governmental infrastructures designed to balance the racially distorted playing field of media ownership” (Zook 1999: 101).

      I think discrimination is really important to note when discussing the history of network television. The access and platforms given to people were not always given to everybody. Inevitably allowing for the media landscape to inherit racial discrimination. I do not think people understand that these discrimination often exists in our media history and have profound impacts on our society.

    5. While never forgetting that television is first and foremost a commercial medium, we frame our discussion of these aforementioned themes to explore how industrial, narrative, and stylistic changes affected and were affected by shifts in the cultural, political, and historical milieu of the last two decades of the twentieth century.

      It is important to understand what television actually is and how that affects our society. Television is set up to immerse as many people as possible to allow for a mass communication medium thrive. Since we live in a society that profits off of medium television is inherently intended to be commercial. So economic and societal changes greatly shape the content disbursed through television. As the decades have progressed their have been shifts and impacts in how we view and consume television.

    1. As venues within a commercially‐sponsored medium, the Big Three were also, in the end, always constrained by sponsors’ desires to sell products.

      It is important to note that there have always been limits on what can be commercially shown on television. In turn limiting what content these networks could show. However, these networks were able to show more shared content in order increase their audience size. These networks had a difficult balance of following guidelines, sponsors desires, and what the audience wants to see.

    2. ABC’s rebranding and subsequent economic gains in this period were due largely to its savvy expansion of sports programming from the late 1960s onward

      I was never aware ABC was one of the main networks to expand into sports broadcasting. It is important to understand that the big three networks had to leverage a competitive advantage. As ABC was working to separate themselves from NBC and CBS they worked toward to extend their prime time sports broadcasting. Sports broadcasting was now able to become their competitive advantage.

    3. This was a period characterized by unusually cooperative relations between broadcasters, government regulators, and corporate interests that institutionalized the “American way” of conceiving network TV as a for‐profit public service and broadly national, shared cultural forum.

      It is important to note that in this era almost all americans were being exposed to the same content. Most of the content which was control to be a specific way in order to increase 'american' ideals. Since these were the only networks this shaped the way we viewed our culture and increasing american culture around the world. I also never new the main reason for this was for corporations to increase their profit as they controlled the networks with their funding.

    4. Here, network TV becomes a metaphor for a changed affective and political culture that was presumably characterized by placelessness, dis‐ease and loss

      It is important to understand the great impact television has had on our society. The big three network stations reach large amounts of audiences. But only these three were able to do so, as people consumed this medias more and more it changed our culture. It began to change political and pop culture as people were being fed this content through these mass communication channels. This impact of these networks should not go unseen as the content started infiltrated into our lives and culture.

    5. questioned the networks’ commitments to balancing mass‐audience entertainment appeals and “consensus” programming with more challenging, riskier “quality” and “enlightened” program address.

      It is fascinating to note that these challenges are still happening. These networks had to a figure out a way to challenge norms and also elevate new cultural changes. I think that media outlets today suffer from the same problem. They struggle whether show riskier content that might go against norms or just focus content on staying neutral to popular culture shifts.

    1. More than other modes of syndicated reruns, Nick at Nite’s self-reflexive programming of “classic TV” offers collective memories of American life—misappropriated images of how family life never really was—that we see depicted again and again.

      It is very hard to deny the lasting impact this show has had on the industry. Today they still show reruns and new generations of fans enjoy the shows witty nature. This also allows for older generations to relive this episodes giving them nostalgia of when they were younger. This show still provides an impact on todays cultures as people still love to watch and enjoy the tv show.

    2. I Love Lucy reached an unprecedented level of popularity as a successful commodity in itself and excellent advertising for its sponsor. After the Ricardo and Ball-Arnaz babies were born almost simultaneously in January 1953, it spawned merchandising tie-ins that exceeded $50 million

      This was another crucial reason for the shows success and one of the first tv series to do this. Nowadays it is normal to see merchandise for a tv series of movie. Which can also contribute to its success. Making merchandise for I Love Lucy really aided in putting the show on the map. This in turn made the show into a even larger cultural phenomenon.

    3. Interwoven are the episode, the advertisements during the episode, knowledge about the series and its stars from secondary texts, the cultural contexts that inflect the combinations of private housewife/public pretty girl and femininity/comedy with contradictions, and the ideology of the feminine mystique.

      As gender had never really been put on display and shown in this way, this show became a cultural phenomenon. This episodes contained so many layers of representation among genders. Up until this point most media content sticked to a formula as to how they portray certain genders. As I love Lucy showed authentic gender representation, this helped shape modern American culture.

    4. In this context, we can interpret Lucy’s botched attempts at paid labor outside the home as addressing both men’s and women’s fears about women’s increased involvement in the public sphere

      This is really cool to that this show was able to have this large of an impact on women's involvement in the public sphere. Even after the war more women were now involved in the workforce. This helped ease the gender divisions that had been in place involving the workforce. Just goes to show that media content can have a large and lasting effect on our culture.

    5. In a rapidly changing postwar society when the gap between the ideology of polarized gender roles clashed so powerfully with the social experience of American men and women, Lucy’s inability to reconcile her ambitions and her social position articulated increasing tensions about gender.

      It is fascinating to note how this tv series really challenged the idea of gender at that time. Off the bat someone would not really expect for this series to show the changed in gender roles. Post-war gender roles remained polarized. But, in this series with a female lead allowed for showing the power imbalances among gender in everyday life.

    6. the character dramatized and personified cultural conflicts about gender, marriage, and commodification caused by the legitimation crisis that emerged in postwar America and remains pertinent throughout the twentieth, and into the twenty-first centuries

      It is important to note that this television series had culturally changed the way we created and consumed media. For the first time a television series was commodified to show the cultural conflicts the country was going to face. These experiences were shown in the aftermath of war in America. Nothing of entertainment had really achieved that before because of its massive popularity.

    1. Ultimately, the TWA dissolved in 1954, and all writers of scripted entertainment for film, television, and radio gathered under the umbrella of the Writers Guild of America. But it was on account of writers for shows like Lucy, who first claimed credit as writers and as producers, that conflicting notions of authorship and ownership came to a head for the guilds that represented these media workers.

      I never knew this to be one of the reasons that television production moved primarily to LA. With TWA dissolving writer had to go to the Writers Guild of America in order to continue production. Inevitably challenging the owerships of content which picked up once projects were moved to LA that were represented by the guilds.

    2. This language is quite common now, as staff writers on television series often talk about the need for consistency of voice from episode to episode.

      In today's production of writing it is crucial to stay consistent between episodes to a series. Oppenheimer being one of the first to make sure of this, paved the way into how tv shows should be created. Regulating a series throughout its one was a skill that had not really been done before and changed the way tv was created because of Oppenheimer.

    3. Nowadays when we think about the author of a narrative television series, we assign a privileged role to its creator.

      It is interesting to note how times have changed in how we perceive the production of media content. During the creation of I Love Lucy everyone when contributed to producing and creating episode. It was not just assumed it would directed under one person or a small group. But inevitable all have an original creator of television and film.

    4. Arnaz himself could arguably be seen as the man in charge,

      Even though Ball made the entire series and what made it popular and cutting edge for its time. It was still man a to be held accountable for the show's success. This circles to other misogynistic themes already mentioned in the article. Giving the show 'a man in charge' was more comfortable for everyone to understand as to why the show was a big success.

  2. Mar 2025
    1. By celebrating rather than shying away from showing the first pregnant woman on television,

      I purley just think that this fact is very interesting. I find it to be interesting because today you would not think that showing a pregnant woman on tv would be something that needed to be addressed. It is fascinating that was viewed controversial at one time. One of the many milestones and history markers this show had produced for the mass population.

    1. Throughout the entire disagreement between the press and the broadcasting industry one fact stands out above all others, and that is that both parties failed to consider the public at all.

      I think this is a fact that is still prevalent today in terms of the media industry. I think today the media has gotten better at curating what each audience wants to consume. However, there is still a disconnect among the industry and the public. I think main reason for this is the industry is mainly focused on increasing profit even if it is at the loss of the public. This theme is important to note because it still happens today with multiple media platforms.

    2. This report called for government control of radio in the United States, giving as reasons that every other major country in the world had placed broadcasting under governmental control, and also stating that the only way that broadcasters could be prevented from giving false and inaccurate news is by direct government contro

      I think this is fascinating to understand the main reason for government control in media. It was to limit the spread of misinformation. I find it interesting that the initiative to prevent false news had struggled in the modern era. Nowadays there are much larger amounts of inaccurate news. I wonder if government control has an actual effect on misinformation or if misinformation spreads because outlets don't have government control.

    3. At this same convention the ANPA also decided that newspapers should refrain from publishing radio programs except as paid advertising, and the Board of Directors of AP ruled that the maximum length for bulletins permitted to radio, under the 1925 ruling, would be 30 words.18

      During this time of such fast technological developments there was fast rate in which these organizations had to adapt. WIth that came lots of restrictions among certain mediums. Broadcast journalism is one example of how each medium can coincide with each other. As that makes it difficult for committee and organization to create policy/regulation.

    4. Each of these incidents represented an opportunity for radio to try itself out under differing circumstances, and with the conclusion of each effort the broadcasters knew more about what they were doing than when they had started. This meant that the next time they would be a little bit better, and it also meant that radio was beating the press at its own game: fast reporting of the news.

      I find this aspect of broadcasting important to understand. Broadcasting became quicker and more efficient to reach audiences. The press had to now realize that they were losing the top spot in their industry. Since broadcasting was so new there was lots of room for growth and development. This aspect also gives them a leg up when it come to press and newspapers. Now most people want their news faster so they look to broadcasts over press/newspapers.

    5. However, as the decade closed the newspapers were becoming aware of the fact that their advertising revenues were dropping, while those of radio were on the increase.

      It is very important to note how these new technological changes can be driven by profit. Newspapers had to begin to adapt to new technological developments. In experimenting if they should advertise broadcasting or not. Each medium has its own cause and effect on eachother.

  3. Jan 2025
    1. Historical training is not, however, an indulgence; it applies directly to many careers and can clearly help us in our working lives.

      I think that this final statement if very crucial to understand in the whole of this article. History applies to almost everything and every career you come across. Learning historical data can directly help us in our careers. So history should not be viewed as an indulgence because it directly affects our lives especially when it comes to consuming media. Which is something we all do every single day.

    2. Learning how to combine different kinds of evidence—public statements, private records, numerical data, visual materials—develops the ability to make coherent arguments based on a variety of data. This skill can also be applied to information encountered in everyday life

      I think that the ability to assess evidence is a very crucial skill in everyday life. In taking historical data it is important to combine those aspects to come to conclusions and arguments. The skill of being able to form coherent arguments is very crucial. This is another example of why and how history can provide crucial life skills to students.

    3. In the first place, history offers a storehouse of information about how people and societies behave. Understanding the operations of people and societies is difficult, though a number of disciplines make the attempt. An exclusive reliance on current data would needlessly handicap our efforts. How can we evaluate war if the nation is at peace—unless we use historical materials?

      I think this concept of learning history is very crucial to understand. It is hard to move forward and make changes unless we look at the mistakes of the past. Understanding history helps societies understand how to answer difficult questions. In order to come to conclusions about current conflicts we have to understand and use historical information as our resources. In doing so historical information helps us understand people, societies, and cultures.